In the popular classification method called cladistics. The number of possible homoplasies that can be made in cladistics depends on the number and complexity of the traits being considered, as well as the evolutionary relationships among the organisms being classified.
Homoplasy is the term used in cladistics to describe a similarity in traits that is not attributable to a shared ancestor but rather to convergent evolution, parallel evolution, or evolutionary reversal.
In general, homoplasy is more likely to happen the more qualities that are taken into account. Cladistics, on the other hand, aims to reduce homoplasy by emphasising shared derived features (synapomorphies) that are particular to some groupings and point to a common ancestor.
Cladistics seeks to develop a classification scheme that accurately depicts the links between organisms during evolution by utilising synapomorphies.
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The following question may be like this:
In the popular classification method called _____. How many other homoplasy's can be made.
Which is located at the beginning of a gene?
terminator
promoter
mRNA
intron
what features distinguish a plant cell from an animal cell
Plant cells can be distinguished from animal cells by their features such as the presence of a cell wall, chloroplasts, a large central vacuole, and plasmodesmata.
Plant cells and animal cells are two types of eukaryotic cells, but they have distinct features that differentiate them from each other.
One of the main distinguishing features is the presence of a cell wall in plant cells. The cell wall is a rigid structure made of cellulose that surrounds the cell membrane. It provides structural support and protection to the plant cell.
Another feature unique to plant cells is the presence of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are organelles responsible for photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy. They contain the pigment chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts.
Plant cells also have a large central vacuole, which is a membrane-bound organelle that stores water, nutrients, and waste products. The central vacuole helps maintain turgor pressure, which is important for plant cell structure and support. In contrast, animal cells have smaller vacuoles or none at all.
Additionally, plant cells often have plasmodesmata, which are small channels that allow for communication and transport between adjacent plant cells. These channels facilitate the exchange of nutrients, hormones, and other molecules. Animal cells do not have plasmodesmata.
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Plant cells have a rigid cell wall, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, large vacuoles, and are connected by plasmodesmata. Animal cells lack a cell wall, chloroplasts, and have smaller vacuoles , these features differentiate plant cells from animal cells.
Cell Wall: Plant cells have a rigid cell wall composed primarily of cellulose. This wall provides structural support and protection, helping the plant maintain its shape. Animal cells lack a cell wall.
Chloroplasts: Plant cells contain chloroplasts, which are responsible for photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a pigment that enables plants to capture sunlight and convert it into energy. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts.
Vacuoles: Plant cells typically have large central vacuoles that occupy a significant portion of the cell's volume. These vacuoles store water, nutrients, and waste products, contributing to cell turgidity and plant growth. Animal cells may have smaller vacuoles or several small vesicles.
Plasmodesmata: Plant cells are connected by plasmodesmata, which are channels that allow direct communication and transport of materials between adjacent cells. Animal cells do not possess this interconnected system.
Shape: Plant cells often have a more regular and fixed shape due to the presence of the cell wall, while animal cells tend to be more flexible in shape.
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why were virtually all screened small molecules that inhibited isolated bacterial proteins poor antibiotic candidates?
They did not prevent whole bacterial cells from growing because they couldn't get into cells, couldn't access their target, were metabolized by the cells etc.
They couldn't enter cells, couldn't reach their target, were processed by the cells, etc., thus they couldn't stop the growth of entire bacterial cells.
Medicines known as antibiotics are used to both prevent and treat bacterial infections. When bacteria adapt to the use of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance develops.
Antibiotic resistance develops in bacteria, not in people or other animals. Both humans and animals are susceptible to infection from these germs, and their infections are more difficult to treat than those brought on by non-resistant bacteria.
Antibiotic resistance causes increased mortality, longer hospital stays, and higher medical expenses.
The way antibiotics are prescribed and used in the world needs to alter immediately. Antibiotic resistance will continue to pose a serious hazard even if new medications are created.
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Why would it benefit scientists to understand particle motion
Compared to most scientific endeavors, though not to space exploration or to some defense-related technology research, high-energy physics is an expensive enterprise. Modern accelerator facilities capable of expanding the high-energy frontier, such as Fermilab or the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN) Large Hadron Collider (LHC) project, are big science, involving the concerted efforts of thousands of people and costing several billions of dollars. High-energy physics has been supported almost entirely by government agencies and thus ultimately by taxpayers. It is entirely appropriate that scientists who promote these expenditures should be expected to justify this investment by society as a whole, by explaining its benefits to society as a whole.
The primary aim of research in high-energy physics is easily stated. It is, simply, to produce a better understanding of fundamental physical law by following a reductionist strategy. That is, scientists attempt to understand the behavior of matter in general by working up from profound understanding of the properties and interactions of its elementary constituents.
This strategy has proven remarkably fruitful and successful, especially over the course of the twentieth century. We have discovered that strange but precise and elegant mathematical laws, summarized in the so-called Standard Model, govern the laws of physics on subatomic scales. There is every reason to think that these laws, as presently formulated, are adequate to serve as the foundation for materials science, chemistry (including biochemistry), and most of astrophysics.
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A muscle that has an origin on the spine of the scapula and an insertion on the occipital nuchal line is capable of
extending the head
Explanation:
Hope it helps
which set of factors would result in the most concentrated urine?
The set of factors that would result in the most concentrated urine is a high level of ADH and hyperosmolarity towards inner medullary interstitium.
Concentrated urine is defined as having more solutes and less water. Among the dissolved substances are solutes, which include proteins, carbohydrates, and salts. The laboratory will measure the urine's concentration. Depending on the laboratory utilized, normal values may change.
The following are the causes of concentrated urine formation:
High levels of ADH make distal tubules and collecting ducts more permeable to water, enabling these tubular segments to reabsorb water.Hypersomolarity in the inner medullary interstitium, which creates the osmotic gradient required for the absorption of water.To know more about the concentrated urine, refer:
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What are the steps of budding in plants
Answer:
1) The formation of a bud: The first step of budding is the formation of a bud on the parent plant. A bud is a small, undeveloped shoot that contains a dormant or actively growing meristem (a group of undifferentiated cells capable of division and growth).
2) The growth of the bud: The bud begins to grow and develop, taking in nutrients from the parent plant. As the bud grows, it develops its own set of leaves and stem.
3) Separation of the bud: Once the bud has developed into a self-sufficient plantlet, it separates from the parent plant. This can occur naturally, as the weight of the developing plantlet causes it to break away from the parent, or it may be manually separated by a gardener.
4) Establishment of the new plant: The newly separated plantlet establishes itself in the soil and continues to grow, developing its own root system and eventually becoming a fully mature plant.
How did Picasso, Mother Teresa, and
Thurgood Marshall make the most out of
late adulthood?
Explanation:
They were Kind..................
Answer:
yhdjgyh to jgcxhkgd you love you love you use Nahin you love you
The spontaneous loss of amino groups from adenine results in hypoxanthine, an uncommon base, opposite thymine in dna. What combination of molecules could repair such damage?.
The combination of molecules that could repair such damage is DNA ligase, replication fork proteins, and adenylyl cyclase. Hypoxanthine, an uncommon base, opposite thymine in DNA, is the result of the spontaneous loss of amino groups from adenine.
An amino group is taken out of a molecule through deamination. Deaminases are the enzymes that catalyse this process. Deamination typically occurs in the liver; however it can also happen in the kidney, in the human body. Deamination is utilised to break down amino acids for energy in instances where there is an excessive intake of protein. Ammonia is created when the amino group is taken out of the amino acid. The remaining amino acid is recycled or oxidised for energy and is primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen. When adenine is deaminated, hypoxanthine is produced. Similar to the imine tautomer of adenine, hypoxanthine preferentially bases pairs with cytosine as opposed to thymine. As a result, the initial A-T base pair undergoes a post-replicative transition mutation, changing into a G-C base pair.
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PLEASE HELP!!!!! A black swan and white swan breed and produce offspring that are gray in color. What is the most likely explanation for this happening? A. The alleles for white and black have incomplete dominance, and they blend producing gray feather. B. It is a mutation, and there is no scientific way to explain the appearance of the gray feathers. C. It could be a situation of codominance producing the gray feathers from black and white alleles.
Answer: C
Explanation: All of them could be correct, but I think this is the correct answer. I’m only in middle school, so if your not rushing you may as well wait for someone else.
Answer:
La respuesta es
C. Podría ser una situación de codominancia produciendo las plumas grises a partir de alelos blancos y negros.
Explicación:
Ya que normalmente se expresará el alelo dominante, mientras que el efecto del otro alelo, llamado recesivo, queda enmascarado. Pero cuando hay codominancia, entonces ningún alelo es recesivo y el fenotipo de ambos alelos es expresado.
What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle relate to?
Answer:
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a principle stating that the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors.
Explanation:
how do we know that change is taking place around us ? what is the need to study change ? explain some example
Answer:
Specialisation in the knowledge society and its need
Posted by Bernardo Lajus on Mon, 01/07/2013 - 11:54.
Contemporary society is characterized by globalization. The information and the speed with which they reach society amaze anyone who has experienced the 1980s and 1990s. Because of the technology and facilities it brings, the recipients of this information become increasingly demanding, in every way. Demanding with you, with others, with things, with everything, making the world so demanding, to the point that services and information are insufficient, exhausting, poor.
Because of this, the world specializes. The professions have gained new directions, new perspectives. The courses that were previously generic, such as engineering, law, medicine, became insufficient and were gaining tributaries. If before the general practitioners of mechanical engineering and law realized the professional demand, over the years and the evolution of society, it required professionals to become specialists, creating branches and opening possibilities.
Today, specialists, masters and doctors are essential for the rapid development of society, required everywhere. Despite the harm spawned (such as time demanded, or "knowing much about little), specialization in the knowledge society brings inegulable benefits. The creation of new jobs, the deepening of knowledge and the quality of services makes society evolve even more.
Thus, although the human being, in his individuality, is not expanding his way of knowing, but rather reducing himself to specificity, society as a whole plunges into a profound expansion of knowledge, bringing this to everyday life, from the most trivial to the most complex of works, specialization is necessary and beneficial.
Explanation:
isaac oluk [pdf] from academia.edu potential benefits of the eapi agro-processing skills training course on micro, small, and medium scale (msmes) agro-processors in uganda
In Isaac Oluk's [PDF] Potential Benefits of the EAPI Agro-Processing Skills Training Course on Micro, Small, and Medium Scale (MSMEs) Agro-processors in Uganda, the author discusses the potential benefits of the EAPI Agro-Processing Skills Training Course for MSMEs in Uganda.
The EAPI Agro-Processing Skills Training Course is designed to provide agro-processors with the skills and knowledge they need to improve their processing techniques and increase their profits. The course covers a wide range of topics, including food safety and hygiene, product development and marketing, and financial management.
The potential benefits of this training course for MSMEs in Uganda are numerous. For example, the course can help MSMEs to:
1. Improve the quality of their products: By learning about food safety and hygiene, agro-processors can improve the quality of their products and reduce the risk of contamination.
2. Expand their product range: By learning about product development and marketing, agro-processors can expand their product range and appeal to a wider customer base.
3. Increase their profits: By learning about financial management, agro-processors can better manage their finances and increase their profits.
4. Improve their competitiveness: By improving the quality of their products, expanding their product range, and increasing their profits, agro-processors can become more competitive in the market.
In conclusion, the EAPI Agro-Processing Skills Training Course has the potential to provide significant benefits to MSMEs agro-processors in Uganda by improving the quality of their products, expanding their product range, increasing their profits, and improving their competitiveness.
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SC4: I can explain how the following are
evidence of evolution
(how a species changes over time to
become a new species OR how species are
related)
Answer:
I think how species are related is because of their blood and how they are alike from other breeds
Explanation:
Musculo que tiene las características tanto de musculo esquelético como de musculo liso. Se encuentra en el corazón y sus contracciones son involuntarias
ayuda por favor
Answer:
El músculo estriado cardiaco es una forma especializada de músculo estriado, conforma la pared del corazón, cuya contracción rítmica es involuntaria.
what effect does reusing or recycling municipal waste have on environmental resources?
By reusing and recycling MSW items, we can make supplies of nonrenewable resources last longer, save ourselves money, and reduce solid waste and pollution.
someone write me a little intro on water hyacinth please
Answer:
Hello! Today I will tell you somethings about water hyacinth, we will start with what does it do? Well,
Water hyacinth has a variety of negative impacts once introduced into a freshwater environment. it forms dense, impenetrable mats which clog waterways, making boating, fishing and almost all other water activities, impossible. It also reduces biodiversity by crowding out native plants at the water's surface and below.
Well that makes it seem bad is it?
(you will answer this on your own with other things you think someone would ask if you need more info just tell me, thanks!)
Explanation:
What is the normal value of arterial percent hemoglobin saturation?A. 100%B. 97%C. 90%D. 86%
The normal value of arterial percent hemoglobin saturation is approximately 97%.
Arterial percent hemoglobin saturation refers to the percentage of hemoglobin molecules in arterial blood that are bound to oxygen. It indicates the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and is an important measure of respiratory function.
Under normal conditions, arterial blood is highly saturated with oxygen due to efficient gas exchange in the lungs. The normal value of arterial percent hemoglobin saturation is approximately 97%. This means that, on average, around 97% of the hemoglobin molecules in arterial blood are bound to oxygen.
It is important to note that the actual value of arterial percent hemoglobin saturation can vary slightly depending on factors such as altitude, respiratory rate, and overall health. In individuals with respiratory or circulatory disorders, the arterial percent hemoglobin saturation may deviate from the normal value. Monitoring and maintaining adequate oxygen saturation levels are crucial for overall health and well-being.
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If you wanted to find support for the idea that all living things are composed of cells, what evidence would you need to gather?.
You should collect samples of various living things and analyse them under a microscope to detect the existence of cells as evidence if you wish to find proof that all living things are made up of cells.
The smallest component of a living entity is a cell. An organism is anything that is alive, including you. Therefore, the fundamental unit of all organisms is the cell. In multicellular organisms, a number of cells of the same kind interact with one another and carry out shared functions to form tissues (such as muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nervous tissue), a number of tissues come together to form an organ (such as the stomach, heart, or brain), and a number of organs make up an organ system (such as the gastrointestinal (GI), cardiovascular (CV), or nervous systems). Together, various systems compose an organism (such as an elephant, for example).
Many different cell types can be found, and they are all divided into one of two main categories: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Eukaryotic cells include those found in animals, plants, fungi, and protists, whereas prokaryotic cells include those found in bacteria and archaea.
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Protein translocation differs from protein secretion in that __________.
a. translocation refers to movement from the cytoplasm to or across the plasma membrane, whereas secretion refers to movement of the protein to the exterior of the cell
b. translocation refers to movement of the protein to the exterior of the cell, whereas secretion refers to movement from the cytoplasm to or across the plasma membrane
c. translocation refers to movement from one side of the cell to the other, whereas secretion refers to movement across the LPS layer
d. translocation refers to movement of proteins in Gram-positive bacteria, whereas secretion refers to movement of proteins in Gram-negative bacteria
Protein translocation differs from protein secretion in that Translocation refers to movement from the cytoplasm to or across the plasma membrane, whereas secretion refers to movement of the protein to the exterior of the cell. (Option a)
Protein translocation and protein secretion are two different processes that involve the movement of proteins within or across cellular membranes.
Protein translocation refers to the movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to a specific location within the cell or across the plasma membrane. It can involve the insertion of proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, transport into mitochondria or chloroplasts, or movement across other organelle membranes. Translocation typically occurs during protein synthesis and involves the guidance of signal sequences that direct the protein to the appropriate destination.
On the other hand, protein secretion refers to the movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to the exterior of the cell. This process involves the transport of proteins through the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and secretory vesicles, eventually releasing the proteins outside the cell. Protein secretion is important for the release of various molecules such as hormones, enzymes, and antibodies into the extracellular space.
Therefore, option a. accurately describes the difference between protein translocation and protein secretion, where translocation refers to movement from the cytoplasm to or across the plasma membrane, while secretion refers to movement of the protein to the exterior of the cell.
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Pattipan squash are either white or yellow. In growing Pattipans, you notice that if you want to get yellow Pattipans at least one of the parents must be yellow. Which color is dominant?
Explain.
Answer:
yellow
Explanation:
Yea it's yellow cus yea it's yellow
The introduction of some nonnative species has been helpful. How can initially useful organisms become harmful to an ecosystem?
Answer:
See explanation
Explanation:
The introduction of nonnative species in an ecosystem maybe both helpful and harmful. Initially, the introduced nonnative species maybe prove helpful in some ways.
As time goes on, the nonnative species begin to compete with the native species for resources in the ecosystem. The nonnative species may outdo the native species in such competition and entirely replace them. This may ultimately lead to a permanent loss of the native species from the ecosystem.
State one hypothesis for the above experiment
Hypothesis:
Plant 1 will become parched and die after receiving no water.
Plant 2 will be properly sated after receiving 20ml water every day, and will thrive.
Plant 3 will likely become overwatered and drown after receiving 40ml of water every day.
What shape of bone is the pelvic bone?
A. long
B. short
C. irregular
D. flat
PLEASE HELP!!!
Which of the following would be considered the best index fossil?
Gastropod
Fern
Ammonite
Coral
Answer:
CORAL
Explanation:
idk
Answer:
Ammonite is the answer
What do we call a relationship between
two species that occupy the same
habitat?
A. symbiotic
B. mutual
C. beneficial
Answer:
Its A, Symbiotic
Explanation:
2 species that occupy the same habitat is called Symbiotic
How do some chemicals increase the risk of a person getting cancer ?
A. By causing an increase of toxins in the skin
B. By causing cell mutations
C. By causing a deficiency of vitamin D
D. By causing a decrease in the immune response
Some chemicals increase the risk of a person getting cancer by causing cell mutations. Hence, option B is correct.
What do you mean by Mutations?Mutations may be defined as the sudden, stable, and inheritable change in the genetic material of the living entities.
Chemicals like ethidium bromide, acridine orange, benzopyrene, etc are carcinogens, i.e. the agents of causing cancer.
These agents are responsible for causing mutations in the cell which leads to cancer.
Therefore, some chemicals increase the risk of a person getting cancer by causing cell mutations.
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Where is the nucleus of an atom found and what does it contain?
The nucleus is in the center of the atom and it contains protons and neutrons.
Answer:
An atom is composed of two regions: the nucleus, which is in the center of the atom and contains protons and neutrons, and the outer region of the atom, which holds its electrons in orbit around the nucleus.
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What is the relationship between egg size and adult size for animals that lay eggs?
There is no relationship between egg size and size of the adult. Careful examination of eggshells in both modern and extinct animals can tell us something about the way eggs were incubated in the nest.
Egg size also varies markedly among individuals of the same species or population. the largest eggs laid by individual females within a population are generally at least 50% larger, and sometimes twice as large, as the smallest eggs laid by other individuals and approximately 70% of the total variation in egg size is due to variation between clutches, i.e., among individual females, not within clutches. population of Free-living species show marked inter- and intraspecific variation in egg size and fecundity (clutch size). Egg mass scales with body mass across species.
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which two elments have similar characteristics?