In experimental epidemiological studies, study subjects are manipulated in some manner. True or False

Answers

Answer 1

True because such studies is to establish cause-and-effect relationships between exposure or intervention and health outcomes.

In experimental epidemiological studies, study subjects are indeed manipulated in some manner to investigate the relationship between a particular exposure and a health outcome. For example, in a randomized controlled trial (RCT), study subjects are randomly assigned to either an intervention group (where they receive a specific treatment or exposure) or a control group (where they do not receive the treatment or receive a placebo). The researchers can then compare the outcomes of the two groups to determine the effect of the intervention on the dependent variable of interest (such as disease incidence or mortality).

Manipulation of study subjects is a key feature of experimental studies, as it allows researchers to control for potential confounding variables and establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables. However, ethical considerations must be taken into account to ensure that study subjects are not exposed to unnecessary harm or risk.

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Answer 2

The given statement "In experimental epidemiological studies, study subjects are manipulated in some manner" is true because such studies is to establish cause-and-effect relationships between exposure or intervention and health outcomes.

The research subjects are modified in some way in experimental epidemiological studies to investigate the effects of an intervention or exposure on health outcomes.

This manipulation can include administering a treatment or intervention to one set of study volunteers while withholding it from another (a control group) in order to compare the intervention's effects on health outcomes.

Such studies are designed to establish cause-and-effect correlations between exposure or intervention and health outcomes.

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Related Questions

A nurse is caring for a client with a history of migraines with auras. what are the stages of this type of migraine?

Answers

The stages of this type of migraine are :

Prodromal stage: awareness of findings for hours to days before onset: irritability, depression, food cravings, diarrhea/constipation, and frequent urination.Aura stage: over minutes to an hour including neurologic findings such as numbness, tingling of the mouth, lips, face, or hands, actus confusion state, and visual disturbances.Second stage: Severe, incapacitating, throbbing headache that intensifies over several hours and is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, and vertigo.Third stage: 4-72 hours, headache is dull.

Recovery with pain and aura subsiding. Muscle aches and contraction of head and neck muscles are common. Physical activity worsens pain, and the client might sleep.

A migraine is a headache that can cause extreme throbbing pain or a pulsing sensation, usually on one facet of the head. It's often followed by using nausea, vomiting, and intense sensitivity to mild and sound.

The exact purpose of migraines is unknown, but their idea is to be the result of unusual mind activity briefly affecting nerve alerts, chemical compounds, and blood vessels within the mind.

Warm packs and heating pads can loosen up traumatic muscle groups. Warm showers or baths can also have a similar effect. Drink a caffeinated beverage. In small quantities, caffeine on my own can relieve migraine pain in the early degrees or enhance the ache-lowering results of acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) and aspirin.

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phillipas husband, manuel, is worried about her plan to return to full-time employment when their baby is 6 months old. he is afraid that there will be a negative effect on the baby's attachment to her mother. phillipa suggests that she and manuel discuss the pros and cons of day care with a counselor. what would a well-informed counselor advise this couple?

Answers

A well-informed counselor would advise the couple to consider the pros and cons of daycare in relation to their specific circumstances and preferences, taking into account the potential impact on the baby's attachment to the mother.

A well-informed counselor would recognize that the decision to return to full-time employment and use daycare is a complex one, with various factors to consider. They would encourage the couple to have an open and honest discussion about their concerns and desires regarding their child's well-being and the mother's career.

The counselor would provide information about the potential benefits of daycare, such as socialization opportunities for the child and the development of independence. They would also discuss the potential challenges, such as the need for finding a high-quality daycare facility and ensuring a secure attachment between the mother and baby.

Ultimately, the counselor would guide the couple in exploring their options and making a decision that aligns with their values and priorities. They would emphasize the importance of maintaining a nurturing and responsive environment for the baby, whether through the mother's presence or with the support of a reliable daycare provider. The counselor's role would be to facilitate an informed and thoughtful discussion, allowing the couple to make a decision that feels right for their family.

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Samuel Gompers was an important labor leader in the 1800s.

Answers

Answer:

yes

Explanation:

internet

An example of a primary sector activity is
O retailing
O manufacturing.
O education
O banking.
O mining.

Answers

I do believe that the answer is manufacturing:) i hope this helps

Are there any similarities to communism and democracy?

Answers

Democracy is power from people. Communism is power from proletariat so no

How did Presidents Harding and Coolidge view the role of government and business? Why might that cause problems?

Answers

Answer: Government should help its people

and business shouldnt be so hard?

im truly sorry if this is wrong xD

what do the terms "islam" and "muslim" means

Answers

The word “Islam” means “submission to the will of God.” "Muslim" is an Arabic word meaning "one who submits to God".

What is the smallest ice glacier in the world

Answers

Answer:

Smallest Glacier

While there is no global standard for what size a body of ice must be to be considered a glacier, USGS scientists in Glacier National Park use the commonly accepted guideline of 0.1 square kilometers (about 25 acres) as the minimum size of a glacier.

Explanation:

please mark me as brainliest

Answer:

While there is no global standard for what size a body of ice must be to be considered a glacier, USGS scientists in Glacier National Park use the commonly accepted guideline of 0.1 square kilometers (about 25 acres) as the minimum size of a glacier.

Explanation:

hope this helps

which of the following physiological changes take place during fight or flight?
a. pupils constrict
b. heart rate slows
c. digestion is inhibited
d. all of these options

Answers

During the fight or flight response, all of the listed physiological changes occur, including pupils constricting, heart rate increasing, and digestion being inhibited.

The fight or flight response is a physiological reaction triggered by a perceived threat or stressful situation. It prepares the body to either confront the threat or flee from it. Several physiological changes occur during this response, and all of the options listed are accurate.

1. Pupils constrict: In a fight or flight response, the pupils of the eyes constrict. This helps to sharpen focus and improve visual acuity, allowing individuals to better assess their surroundings and potential threats.

2. Heart rate increases: The heart rate accelerates during the fight or flight response. This is a result of the release of stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, which prepare the body for increased physical activity and alertness. The increased heart rate supplies more oxygen and nutrients to the muscles, enabling a rapid response.

3. Digestion is inhibited: In a fight or flight situation, digestion is temporarily inhibited. The body redirects its resources away from non-essential functions like digestion in order to prioritize the immediate survival response. This allows energy to be directed towards the vital organs and muscles needed for physical action. These physiological changes collectively prepare the body for action and enhance the individual's chances of survival in a perceived threat or stressful situation.

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Which of the following systems of government allows citizens to hold only one form of political opinion?
A.
a parliamentary republic
B.
a single-party government
C.
a presidential republic
D.
a constitutional monarch

Answers

B. A single party government.

Answer: B

Explanation: A single party government

Which school of psychology was more likely to focus on the operation of the entire mind instead of specific parts?.

Answers

Functionalism is the school of psychology that  was more likely to focus on the operation of the entire mind instead of specific parts.

What is functionalism in psychology?

This is a branch of psychology that focuses on how mental activities can be of help in making organisms adapt to their environments.

The branch also is interested in the operation of the whole mind of a person and not just the parts.

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"the
automatic (system 1) thinking mode is ____ while the deliberate
(system 2) thinking mode is ______

Answers

The automatic (system 1) thinking mode is intuitive while the deliberate (system 2) thinking mode is reflective.

What is thinking?

Thinking refers to the processes that activate, manipulate, transform, and evaluate information in the brain. It occurs when we engage with the world, consider what we know and don’t know, evaluate evidence, and make decisions.

What is System 1 thinking?

System 1 thinking is frequently referred to as automatic thinking. It’s fast and intuitive. It occurs without the need for much effort or attention. It’s always active and seeking meaning in the world around us. System 1 thinking is responsible for our instant judgments, snap decisions, and automatic processes.

What is System 2 thinking?

System 2 thinking is referred to as deliberate thinking. It’s analytical, reflective, and requires more mental effort than System 1. System 2 thinking requires concentration, mental effort, and time. It’s required when we need to consider, deliberate, reason, analyze, or make conscious decisions about complex issues. System 2 thinking is responsible for our ability to reason logically, think critically, and learn new information.

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A ______ is an online conference during which a host presents an idea or product to a group of participants with limited audience interaction.

Answers

An online conference during which a host presents an idea or product to a group of participants with limited audience interaction is known as video conference.

What is video conferencing?

A video conference is a live, visual connection between two or more people residing in separate locations for the purpose of communication.

It provides transmission of static images and text between two locations which also includes transmission of full-motion video images and high-quality audio between multiple locations.

Hence, an online conference during which a host presents an idea or product to a group of participants with limited audience interaction is known as video conference.

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"Women employment and opportunities of income generating activities leads to quality of life" justify the statement with suitable examples.​

Answers

Quality of life means living life with happiness and satisfaction.

To attain quality of life in family/society,women should be employed.They should be given freedom and right to study,take part in family planning,be employed etc.if there's no women being employed in a family,then the family can never have quality of life.women should be given job opportunities so they than fulfill their needs .

women having employment and opportunities helps to have quality of life

A. Describe one of the reasons for growing tension between federal and state power between 1824 and 1848, using one piece of historical evidence to support your description.

B. Identify one political consequence of this source of tension.

Answers

Answer:

Imposition of the tariffs.

Explanation:

Imposition of the tariffs is the reason for growing tension between federal government and state power between 1824 and 1848. It was driven by South Carolina politician John C. Calhoun, who opposed the decision of federal government to impose tariffs in the year of 1828 and 1832. He also argued that the United States Constitution gave states of the country the right to avoid the enforcement of a federal law. So due to these tariffs, tension between federal government and state power held. Nullification Crisis is one of the political consequence of this source of tension between federal and state government.

HaLp

Why would an author use the compare/contrast organizational structure?(1 point)

to tell what is wrong and explain how to fix it

to identify similarities and differences

to provide the features and characteristics of something

to explain why something happened and report the results

Answers

Answer:

to identify the similarities and the difference

Explanation:

i dont actually know if its right sorry

Answer:

to identify similarities and differences

Explanation:

A compare and contrast pattern arranges information according to how two or more things are similar to or different from one another (or both). This is an effective pattern to use when the reader can better understand one subject when it is described in relation to another.

How does North Korea use Juche to stop conflict with other countries? really need help

Answers

Juche is a political ideology developed by North Korea's founding leader, Kim Il-sung. It emphasizes self-reliance, independence, and the sovereignty of the nation.

While North Korea asserts that Juche is a guiding principle for its domestic and foreign policy, it is important to note that North Korea's actions and the effectiveness of Juche in preventing conflicts with other countries are subjects of debate and interpretation. Nevertheless, I can provide an overview of how North Korea has utilized aspects of Juche in its diplomatic approach:

1. Self-Reliance: Juche promotes the idea of self-reliance, emphasizing the notion that North Korea should be independent from external influences, particularly from major powers. North Korea has attempted to reduce its dependence on foreign aid and trade by promoting domestic industries and agricultural self-sufficiency. By relying less on other countries, North Korea aims to minimize its vulnerability to external pressure and potential conflicts.

2. Sovereignty: Juche places a strong emphasis on national sovereignty, suggesting that the nation should have complete control over its political, economic, and social affairs. North Korea asserts its sovereignty by resisting what it perceives as interference or intervention from foreign powers, particularly the United States and its allies. North Korea's nuclear weapons program, for instance, is often framed as a means of safeguarding its sovereignty and deterring external aggression.

Overall, the role of Juche in preventing conflicts with other countries is a subject of debate and interpretation. North Korea's diplomatic approach is influenced by various factors beyond Juche, including its security concerns, historical context, and the geopolitical dynamics of the region.

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why do we need democracy?
short answer ​

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

Democracy is considered to be the best form of government these days. Most of the countries in the world have adopted it. The following arguments have been given in favour of Democracy:

(i) Safeguards the interests of the people:

Chief merit of democracy lies in that it safeguards the interests of the people. Real power lies in the hands of the people who exercise it by the representatives elected by them and who are responsible to them. It is said that social, economic and political interests of the individuals are served better under this system.

(ii) Based on the principle of equality:

Democracy is based on the principle of equality. All members of the State are equal in the eyes of law. All enjoy equal social, political and economic rights and state cannot discriminate among citizens on the basis of caste, religion, sex, or property. All have equal right to choose their government.

(iii) Stability and responsibility in administration:

Democracy is known for its stability, firmness and efficiency. These days tenure of the elected representatives is fixed. They form a stable government because it is based on public support. The administration is conducted with a sense of responsibility. In representative democracy, people's representatives discuss matters more thoroughly and take reasonable decision.

Under monarchy the Monarch takes decisions as he pleases. Under dictatorship, the dictators do not involve people at all in decision making, people have no right to criticise the decisions of the dictator even when they are bad and against people's welfare.

(iv) Political education to the people:

Another argument given in favour of democracy is that it serves as a training school for citizens. People get impetus to take part in the affairs of the state. At the time of elections political parties propose their policy and programme in support of their candidates. All means of propaganda-public meetings, posters, radio, television and speeches by important leaders of the parties- are used to win public favour. It creates political consciousness among the people.

(v) Little chance of revolution:

Since democracy is based on public will, there is no chance of public revolt. Representatives elected by the people conduct the affairs of the state with public support. If they don't work efficiently or don't come up to the expectations of their masters i.e., the public, they are thrown in the dustbin of history when elections are held again. Gilchrist opines that democracy or popular governments always function with consensus and therefore question of revolt or revolution does not arise.

(vi) Stable government:

Democracy is based on public will. It conducts state business with public support. It is, therefore, more stable than other forms of Government.

(vii) Helps in making people good citizens:

Success of democracy lies on its good citizens. Democracy creates proper environment for the development of personality and cultivating good habits. D. Tacquville is of opinion that "Democracy is the first school of good citizenship. Citizens learn their rights and duties from birth till death in it."

(viii) Based on public opinion:

Democratic administration is based on public will, public opinion lends it strength. It is not based on fear of authority. Gettel is of opinion that democracy stands on consensus, not on power; it admits the existence of state for individual, not individual for the state. It lends development and progress to individual and arouses his interest in social activities. Individuals readily take active part in such a government. And this is because of the eminence, devotion and conviction in man found in the nature of democracy itself.

Brad applied for a summer job as a bookkeeper. As part of his employment screening, he was asked to take an exam, or __________ test, which has numerical aptitude questions. Group of answer choices certification cognitive ability validity integrity personality

Answers

Brad applied for a summer job as a bookkeeper. As part of his work screening, he was asked to take an exam, or numerical aptitude test, which has numerical aptitude questions. The correct answer is numerical aptitude.

A person's ability to work with numbers and data is referred to as their "numerical aptitude." A candidate with a high numerical aptitude can easily comprehend and process numbers, analyze data, and carry out intricate computations.

A candidate's ability to handle and comprehend numerical data is evaluated through a numerical reasoning test. The data will need to be analyzed and your findings will need to be presented in the form of tables or graphs. The tests have multiple-choice questions and are timed.

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Q-Brad applied for a summer job as a bookkeeper. As part of his employment screening, he was asked to take an exam, or __________ test, which has numerical aptitude questions. Group of answer choices certification cognitive ability validity integrity personality numerical aptitude.

Question A (40 points) Show that the presence of capital in utility can increase the growth rate in endogeneous growth models and decrease the speed of convergence in exogeneous growth models.

Answers

In endogenous growth models, the growth rate of the economy is determined by factors within the model itself, including the accumulation of physical capital.

In these models, the presence of capital in utility can indeed increase the growth rate. One example of an endogenous growth model is the Solow-Swan model,

In exogenous growth models, the growth rate is determined by exogenous factors such as technological progress or population growth, and capital accumulation plays a less significant role. In these models, the presence of capital in utility does not directly impact the growth rate.

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In western Africa, the Atlantic slave trade resulted in:
A. The end of conflicts between ethnic groups
B. the rise of modern government
C. the collapse of stable governments and economies
D. the unification of the region as one nation-state

Answers

Answer: C (the collapse of stable governments and economies).

Explanation: I took the quiz on A P E X and got it correct!

At the end of the last ice age, as glaciers retreated in northern Europe, what caused people to move north into the areas uncovered by the ice sheets?

Answers

Answer:

It was probably too cold to bear.

Explanation:

do you think canadians should fight the u.s tax cradits why or why not

Answers

Canada would respond "appropriately" to proposed U.S. electric vehicle tax credits for American-built vehicles, which it says would harm

the main problem with a negative reinforcement trap is that it

Answers

The main problem with a negative reinforcement trap is that it can perpetuate negative behaviors and hinder the development of positive ones.

A negative reinforcement trap occurs when individuals engage in certain behaviors to avoid or escape negative consequences or aversive stimuli. While negative reinforcement can be effective in the short term for reducing unwanted behaviors, it can lead to long-term problems. The main issue with negative reinforcement traps is that they reinforce and perpetuate negative behaviors instead of promoting positive ones.

When individuals are solely focused on avoiding negative consequences, they may not have the opportunity to learn and develop more desirable behaviors. The negative reinforcement trap hinders the process of acquiring new skills, exploring alternative strategies, and experiencing the positive outcomes that come from constructive actions.

Moreover, relying solely on negative reinforcement can create a dependency on external control and reinforcement. Individuals may become trapped in a cycle where they continuously engage in negative behaviors to avoid negative consequences, without actively seeking positive reinforcement or intrinsic motivation.

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What does the textbook suggest is associated with helping incumbents win reelection at staggeringly high rates?.

Answers

The spending of money is the action suggested by the textbook to help the incumbents candidate win reelection at staggeringly high rates.

Who are called an incumbent candidate?

An incumbent candidate refers to an officer that is seeking a re-election to the exact office he/she currently hold.

Thus, this textbook emphasizes the role of money in inflencing the people (citizen) to vote for him/her while still in office.

Hence, the spending of money is the action suggested by the textbook to help the incumbents candidate win reelection at staggeringly high rates.

Therefore, the Option B is correct.

Missing options " a. political parties b. money c. recognition"

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Becoming a pharmacist is a journey where you learn knowledge and
skills, gaining competencies that allow you to become a pharmacist
and a trusted member of the community.
Describe how the PSA National

Answers

The journey to becoming a pharmacist involves acquiring knowledge, skills, and competencies to serve as a trusted healthcare professional in the community.

Becoming a pharmacist is a multifaceted journey that goes beyond simply acquiring a degree. It encompasses a comprehensive process of learning, gaining knowledge, and developing essential skills and competencies. Pharmacists are healthcare professionals who play a crucial role in patient care, medication management, and promoting public health.

They need to have a solid foundation in pharmaceutical sciences, therapeutic principles, and drug interactions. Additionally, they must possess effective communication skills, empathy, and ethical values to establish trust and foster meaningful connections with patients. Pharmacists also engage in ongoing professional development to stay updated with new drugs, technologies, and healthcare practices.

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which feature do scientists mainly consider when grouping organisms according to evolutionary classification?

Answers

Common ancestry is the characteristic that scientists primarily take into consideration when grouping organisms per evolutionary classification.

Understanding the Common Ancestry of Evolution

Despite the fact that Charles Darwin's theory is very often referred to as the theory of natural selection, the majority of scientists concurred that "common ancestry", idea that all organism on Earth today and all fossils from the present day can be traced back to one or a few "original progenitors", is the most critical component of Darwin's theory.

More closely related organisms have more traits in common, and corroborating sources of evidence concerning similar ancestry include anatomy, DNA sequences, fossils, and embryos. Phylogenetic classification is the method of categorizing organisms according to their common ancestry.

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Manny creates a new type of bowling ball. His new model knocked
down an average of 8.93 pins, with a standard
deviation of 1.35 pins. The older model bowling ball
knocked down 8.21 pins on average, wi

Answers

The provided information indicates that Manny has created a new type of bowling ball. The new model of the bowling ball knocked down an average of 8.93 pins, with a standard deviation of 1.35 pins. On the other hand, the older model of the bowling ball had an average knockdown of 8.21 pins.

To analyze the performance difference between the two bowling ball models, we can calculate the difference in their average knockdowns. The new model has an average knockdown of 8.93 pins, while the older model has an average knockdown of 8.21 pins. The difference between these two averages is 0.72 pins.

Considering the standard deviation of the new model (1.35 pins), we can infer that the new model has a higher level of consistency or accuracy compared to the older model. A lower standard deviation indicates less variability in the knockdown performance of the new model.

In summary, Manny's new bowling ball model has a higher average knockdown and a lower standard deviation compared to the older model. This suggests that the new model performs better and provides more consistent results on average.

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complete question is. Manny creates a new type of bowling ball. His new model knocked down an average of \( 8.93\) pins, with a standard deviation of \( 1.35 \) pins. The older model bowling ball was knocked down \( 8.21  \) p

What two methods does zaccagnini motor sports use to allocate the cosine GTX-900s

What two methods does zaccagnini motor sports use to allocate the cosine GTX-900s

Answers

Answer: Lottery And Price

Explanation: They Used a name drawing which is basically a lottery. And if you were chosen u get to pay for the car

What term does not relate to the others?

13. a. preconscious level
b. unconscious level
c. memories
d. stored information

Answers

B does not relate to the others
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Direct Materials Purchases Budget Anticipated sales for Solid Grip Company were 66,000 passenger car tires and 20,000 truck tires. Rubber and steel belts are used in producing passenger car and truck tires as follows: Passenger CarTruck Rubber33 lb. per unit77 lb. per unit Steel belts5 lb. per unit13 lb. per unit The purchase prices of rubber and steel are $2.90 and $3.80 per pound, respectively. The desired ending inventories of rubber and steel belts are 62,000 and 13,000 pounds, respectively. The estimated beginning inventories for rubber and steel belts are 73,000 and 11,000 pounds, respectively. Prepare a direct materials purchases budget for Solid Grip Company for the year ended December 31, 20Y8. When required, enter unit prices to the nearest cent. A rectangular garden will be fenced using 400 feet of fencing material. One side of the garden is partly covered by the barn and that part will not be fenced. If the barn is 50 feet long, what are the dimensions that will maximize the area of the garden? what is the largest possible area?. writeAs the SuG President of the School of Pharmacy write an inaugural speech to be presented during theSendoff of the Pioneer Student on the topic TheGood and Bad Effects of the social media AmongTeenagers what is 7+7. i need an answer now I need answers now please! Marcus was going up 10 stairs in his office. Write an absolute value expression for the given statement.1. -102. |10|3. |-10|4. 10 Which words have a similar relationship to the relationship of the words bulb and tulip in "Tulip Mania"?A) creation and creatorB) book and publisherC) part and wholeD) product and source please help! i'll mark brainliest if correct! Use the second image attached to answer the question! HELP ASAP did you detect any other convergent amino acid changes between any other pair of lineages? yes no what does this suggest about the convergent changes you observed between cattle and langurs? a company originally issues 180,000 shares of stock at a price of $22; one year later the stock price is $40 per share, the number of outstanding shares is unchanged, and the company's net income for the year is $230,400. the p/e ratio at the end of the recent year is: multiple choice 17.19. 24.22. 31.25. 1.28. which of the following graphs represent the equation y=3x-2 1)A plastic extrusion process produces extrudate with a critical cross-sectional dimension = 28.5 mm. The process is in statistical control and the output is normally distributed with standard deviation = 0.52 mm.A)Determine the +/- variation of the process capability. T/F Compared to a First Responder, the scope of practice of an EMR does not include the use of a cervical collar. What is the worst thing about being a shoe salesman? what is the formula mass of a compound with 2 carbon atoms and 3 oxygen atoms, in atomic mass units? Consider a normal shock wave moving with a velocity of 680 m/s into still air at standard atmospheric conditions (p 1 =1 atm and T 1 =288 K). a. Using the equations of Sec. 7.2, calculate T 2 ,p 2 , and u p behind the shock wave. b. The normal shock table, Table A.2, can be used to solve moving shock wave problems simply by noting that the tables pertain to flow velocities (hence, Mach numbers) relative to the wave. Use Table A.2 to obtain T 2 ,p 2 , and u p for this problem 5. (4 points) This question relates to the returns to schooling.a. (1 point) Provide a specific example to clarify why simply calculating differences in income between those who complete more versus fewer years of schooling could lead to an overestimate of the causal effect of schooling on income.b. (1 point) Next, explain why using an RCT to identify the long-term income returns to schooling is likely to be logistically challenging/infeasible in most cases.c. (2 points) Provide an example of a research approach discussed in class or your readings that has been used to identify the long-term returns to schooling and summarize the associated findings. How do these results compare to what you would have expected the researchers to find Which describes the relationship between 1 and 22?2O 21 and 2 are complementary angles.O 1 and 2 are equivalent angles.O 1 and 2 are adjacent angles.1 and 2 are supplementary angles. What are the 3 types of machine learning? Can I get help on this question?