In classical conditioning, the response is ________ by a stimulus that comes ________it.

Answer:

1)I)replacing dead cells

ii)cell division in the liver

2) in meiosis, there are 23 chromosomes

in mitosis, there are 46

Answer:

ATGAATGGCTCGATCTGA or AUGAAUGGCUCGAUCUGA

Explanation:

A-T or U

G-C

C-G

T-A

The transcript of the gene that creates the protein is known as messenger RNA (mRNA). The transcription of the DNA sequence results in the production of mRNA.

The DNA sequence and the mRNA sequence are complementary, which means that the mRNA sequence is the DNA sequence's reverse complement. The nucleotides are organised in the 5'-3' orientation in the provided DNA sequence. The nucleotides must be read in the 3'–5' orientation in order to get the mRNA sequence.

As a result, the mRNA sequence is AGACTGCCATGAAGTT. Because the mRNA sequence is composed of the DNA sequence's complementary nucleotides, it is the reverse complement of the DNA sequence.

For instance, the DNA sequence's first nucleotide, T, and its complementary nucleotide, A, which is the This is the mRNA sequence's first nucleotide. The second nucleotide of the DNA sequence is A, while the second nucleotide of the mRNA sequence is U, which is complementary to A. The sequence is consistent with this pattern.  

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Multiple allelic inheritance in humans refers to a situation where a gene has more than two allelic forms. It implies that more than two alleles determine the trait expression, thus resulting in many possible phenotypic outcomes. There are different examples of multiple allelic inheritance in humans, such as ABO blood group inheritance.

The ABO blood group is one of the classic examples of multiple allelic inheritance in humans. The inheritance of blood groups involves three alleles: A, B, and O, where A and B are codominant and O is recessive. The gene responsible for blood group is located on the chromosome 9, and it determines the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells.

A person can either be blood group A, B, AB, or O, depending on the combination of alleles inherited from their parents. For instance, a person who inherits the A allele from one parent and the B allele from the other will have the AB blood group.

Another person who inherits the O allele from both parents will have blood group O. Similarly, someone who inherits A allele from both parents will have blood group A, and the same applies to those who inherit the B allele from both parents.

Therefore, in conclusion, the ABO blood group is a classic example of multiple allelic inheritance in humans. It is a type of inheritance where a gene has more than two allelic forms, and it results in many possible phenotypic outcomes.

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Answer:

The blue stuff is the mitochondrial matrix. The green stuff is cytoplasm. The  upper middle square is O2. The square beneath it and slightly to the left (connected with O2 with an arrow) is H2O. The one next to it is ATP. The one furthest to the right (under the ATP synthase) is ADP

Explanation:

To complete the model, follow these steps to label the diagram of the electron transport mechanism in mitochondria: Identify the mitochondrial matrix, which is the space enclosed by the inner mitochondrial membrane. Label it as "mitochondrial matrix."

Locate the cytoplasm, which is the region outside the mitochondria. Label it as "cytoplasm." Find the mitochondrial intermembrane space, which is the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. Label it as "mitochondrial intermembrane space."

Locate the electron transport chain (ETC), which is a series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Label it as "electron transport chain."

Identify ATP synthase, which is a large protein complex also embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, responsible for synthesizing ATP. Label it as "ATP synthase."

Label O2 as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, which gets reduced to form H2O. Label ATP and ADP as molecules involved in the conversion of ADP to ATP by ATP synthase, with ATP being the high-energy molecule produced and ADP being the lower-energy molecule that gets phosphorylated.

Label H2O as the water molecule produced when O2 accepts electrons and protons at the end of the electron transport chain.

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The large brains found in humans, which can consume up to 20% of our energy, have only evolved due to the selective pressures and advantages they provide.

The evolution of larger brains in humans is believed to be driven by factors such as increased cognitive abilities, problem-solving skills, social interactions, and adaptability to diverse environments. The brain's complexity and capabilities have played a crucial role in human survival and success as a species.

However, it's important to note that the evolution of larger brains comes with increased energy demands, requiring efficient energy allocation and management systems in the human body to support their function and maintenance.

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Answer:

a cell wall

Explanation:

The provided image is an image of human cell showing different cell organelles. These are the Golgi complexes, mitochondria, Cytoplasm, Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nucleus, lysosome and plasma membrane respectively.
How can be the image pointed from a to f as asked?
a. Golgi complexes
b. Mitochondria
c. Cytoplasm
d. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
e. Nucleus
f. Lysosome
g. Plasma membrane.
All are the organelles of the human cell embedded in the cytoplasm and surrounded by the plasma membrane. Here the endoplasmic reticulum can be of two type, one is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and another is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER).

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The answer is a. Golgi complexes

b. Mitochondria

c. Cytoplasm

d. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

e. Nucleus

f. Lysosome

g. Plasma membrane.

Proteins and lipid (fat) molecules are prepared for usage both within and outside of the cell by the Golgi complex. A cell organelle is the Golgi complex. also known as the Golgi body and apparatus.

In cells that produce and secrete significant amounts of chemicals, the Golgi apparatus tends to be bigger and more numerous; for instance, the immune system's plasma B cells, which release antibodies, have notable Golgi complexes.

The nucleus and the Golgi are in close proximity. Perinuclear bodies are what they're called, and the endoplasmic reticulum is also not far from them. Additionally, proteins that exit the endoplasmic reticulum enter the Golgi for additional processing.

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If I am understanding correctly, the first thing they are asking you to do is match nitrogen bases.

Adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T), and guanine (G) always pairs with cytosine (C).

Then, whichever are the double strands, cut them out and put them into you notebook. (I am not sure where the notebook is, but I am assuming you know)

Then in the speech bubble next to the picture of Chargaff- talk about his rule.

What does the rule mean?

What does the rule explain?

How is the rule demonstrated?

Lastly, finding percents. What percent of the pairs has Adenine in them?

For example:

If I look at this pairing below

A →T

T→ A

G →C

C→ G

50% of the pairs include Adenine.

Hope I helped! Comment if you have questions about my answer :)

Answer:

If the sequence of nitrogenous bases of a DNA strand is ATCTAGGCCG, the complementary strand would be TAGATCCGGC, with a percentage of guanine 30%, cytosine 30%, adenine 20% and thymine 20%, according to Chargaff's rule.

Explanation:

DNA is made up of sequences of nitrogenous bases, which are adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T) and cytosine (C).  The bases of one strand are matched with the bases of another, according to the complementarity of nitrogenous bases, where:

The image shows a DNA chain whose chain is complementary:

DNA Strand given      Complementary Strand

    Adenine                                Thymine

    Thymine                                Adenine

    Cytosine                                Guanine

    Thymine                                Adenine

    Adenine                                Thymine

    Guanine                                 Cytosine

    Guanine                                 Cytosine

    Cytosine                                Guanine

    Cytosine                                Guanine

    Guanine                                 Cytosine

Therefore, in a DNA molecule there is as much adenine as thymine, and an equal amount of cytosine and guanine. In this example there are 4 molecules of adenine, 4 molecules of thymine, 6 guanines and 6 cytosines.

The proportion or percentages of nitrogenous bases can be calculated according to Chargaff's rule.

Chargaff was able to establish that in a DNA molecule the ratio of purine:pyrimidine of 1:1, so there must be the same amount of thymine as adenine and a similar amount of guanine for the cytosine, according to the complementarity of bases.

Taking into account the law of the base pair, if in a DNA chain there is 30% of Adenine, in the molecule there is:

Guanine 30%

Cytosine 30%

Adenine 20%

Thymine 20%

Total ..... 100%

The term for the use of microorganisms to restore damaged environments is bioremediation.

Bioremediation mostly uses microbes, plants, or microbial or plant enzymes to clean up soil and other ecosystems. publication from 2014 Biodegradation and remediation by microorganisms. Bacteria, archaea, and fungus are frequently used as primary bioremediators. addressing and removing concerns associated with various toxins through environmental biodegradation by using bioremediation, a biotechnological process utilizing microorganisms.

Several different types of bioremediation technology, including bioventing, land farming, bioreactors, composting, bioaugmentation, rhizofiltration, and biostimulation, can be found today. But not all contaminants can be efficiently eliminated by using microorganisms in bioremediation.

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Operon is the functional role that plays in every following in gene regulation in a prokaryote.

Operons are regulatory structures that regulate and coordinate protein production in response to cell demands. The operon genes are found on the DNA constantly and are regulated by a single promoters. The promoter is then regulated by regulatory components dependent on the metabolic needs of the cell.

The operon's DNA has three genes, Gene 1, Gene 2, and Gene 3, which are located in a row. They are controlled by a single promoter (the location where Enzyme dna binds) and transcribed jointly to form a single mRNA.

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(a) Operon: An operon is a functional unit of DNA in a prokaryotic genome that consists of a promoter, an operator, and one or more structural genes. It is responsible for coordinating the expression of the genes involved in a specific metabolic pathway or cellular function. The operon acts as a single regulatory unit, allowing for coordinated control of gene expression.

(b) Regulator gene: A regulator gene is a gene that encodes a regulatory protein that controls the expression of one or more genes in an operon. The regulator protein can act as a repressor, preventing transcription of the structural genes, or as an activator, enhancing transcription of the structural genes. The regulator gene is located outside of the operon and its product can diffuse freely in the cell, allowing it to regulate multiple operons and genes.

(c) Operator: An operator is a DNA sequence located between the promoter and the structural genes in an operon. It serves as a binding site for the regulatory protein produced by the regulator gene. When the regulatory protein binds to the operator, it can either block or facilitate the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter, thereby controlling the transcription of the structural genes.

(d) Promoter: A promoter is a DNA sequence located upstream of the structural genes in an operon. It serves as a binding site for RNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for catalyzing transcription. The promoter contains specific sequences that allow RNA polymerase to recognize the start site for transcription and begin the process of RNA synthesis.

(e) Structural genes: Structural genes are the genes that are transcribed and translated into proteins that carry out a specific metabolic function or cellular process. In an operon, the structural genes are located downstream of the promoter and are under the control of the regulator gene and operator. The expression of the structural genes can be turned on or off depending on the presence or absence of the regulatory protein bound to the operator.

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Answer:

Receptors they receive signal an initiate a response that send a specific signal onward.

Explanation:

Receptors is performed may be affected environmental factors, like light, temperature, pressure, or other receptors.

Receptors can to be change the conformation and posture response to chemical reactions by called signaling.

Most receptors the cellular parts located the part of reporter outside of the cell.

Receptor and often alter the receptor conformation, and are found membrane, and receptor are located only inside the cell.

Receptor  cellular control the functions such gene transcription.

Receptor can induce growth, and death, control channels or the regulate cell, and the cell receptors depends on the type of receptors expressed.

Answer: *Olfactory receptor, taste receptor, thermoreceptors are the receptors used for the senses of smell, taste and perceive temperature stimuli. *Photoreceptors are the receptors used to detect light. They are found in rods and cones of the retina in the eye. *Pain receptors sense the pain in parts of the body.Mar 18, 2015

Explanation:

An amino acid is coded for every codon. A codon is composed of three nucleotides. This sequence contains 12 nucleotides, so it will code for 4 amino acids.

A nucleus is a cluster of neuronal cell bodies located in the central nervous system (CNS).

Neurons congregate to create nuclei, which are specialized areas of the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord. These nuclei are made up of tightly packed neuronal cell bodies that perform particular tasks for the CNS. Information processing and transmission throughout the nervous system depend heavily on nuclei.

They take in information from signals from other neurons, process it, and then send the right signals to target tissues or other neurons. Numerous critical activities, including sensory perception, motor control, and cognitive processes, are influenced by the different nuclei in the central nervous system (CNS).

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The CNS receives impulses from peripheral sense receptors through afferent, or sensory, neurons. They often have relatively short axons and lengthy dendrites. Efferent, or motor, neurons in the central nervous system transmit impulses to effector organs including muscles and glands.

Three fundamental types of neurons make up the general components of the neural circuitry: Afferent neurons, also known as primary sensory neurons, transport impulses from receptor cells or free nerve terminals into the central nervous system. To effectors like muscles or glands, motor or efferent neurons transport signals from the central nervous system. Interneurons take in information from sensory neurons, process it, and then communicate with motor neurons. Skin and its derivatives, as well as voluntary muscles, are related to somatic fibers. The involuntary muscles and glands of the organ systems are connected to visceral fibers.

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Many modern scientific advances have been developed with natural selection as a guide. The scientific fields use findings based on natural selection are genetics, evolutionary biology, paleontology, and ecology.

Natural selection refers to a mechanism of evolution, it is a process that ensures that organisms that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more than others. These organisms pass their advantageous traits to their offspring, who inherit and build upon these advantageous traits. Over time, this can lead to the evolution of new species and adaptations in existing ones. Genetics is a field of study that explores the genetic composition of organisms, it investigates the heredity of traits and how they pass from one generation to the next. Natural selection plays a significant role in genetics.

Evolutionary biology is a field of study that explores the evolution of organisms, it investigates how species have changed over time and how they are related to one another. Natural selection plays a significant role in evolutionary biology. Paleontology is a field of study that explores the fossil record of organisms, it investigates how organisms have changed over time and how they are related to one another. Natural selection plays a significant role in paleontology. Ecology is a field of study that explores the relationships between organisms and their environment, it investigates how organisms interact with their surroundings and how they are affected by changes in their environment and the natural selection plays a significant role in ecology.

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The production of antibodies inside the lymphocytes starts at the ribosome (organelle) by joining amino acids together, creating peptide bonds, and forming the primary level structure polypeptide. The polypeptide bends and folds tertiary in the Golgi apparatus (organelle), to form the next level of structure. For instance, the secondary level of structure is formed by hydrogen bonds to create alpha helix or beta-pleated formations.

In order for an antibody to be released into the blood, a fully formed antibody will move from rough endoplasmic reticulum (organelle) to another organelle named Golgi apparatus to sort and be processed for shipment out of the cell. Antibodies transport from organelle to organelle and to the plasma membrane in a vesicle, which is made out of fatty acids-phospholipids.

1. fatty acids

2. amino acids

3. phospholipids

4. hydrogen

5. peptide

6. tertiary

7. secondary

8. rough endoplasmic reticulum (organelle)

9. ribosome (organelle)

10. Golgi apparatus (organelle)

11. vesicle

Hi! Vertebrates are a subgroup of chordates that possess distinct characteristics, setting them apart from other chordates. In 120 words, I will outline the key features that distinguish vertebrates from other chordates:

1. Vertebral column: Vertebrates have a segmented backbone made of individual vertebrae, which surrounds and protects the spinal cord.

2. Endoskeleton: Vertebrates possess an internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage, providing structural support and allowing for movement.

3. Cranium: Vertebrates have a well-developed, bony or cartilaginous skull that encloses and protects the brain.

4. Complex organ systems: Vertebrates have more advanced organ systems, including a closed circulatory system with a multi-chambered heart, specialized respiratory organs (e.g., lungs or gills), and a centralized nervous system.

These key features differentiate vertebrates from other chordates, such as tunicates and lancelets, which lack these complex structures.

Six distinct lobes on both the left and right sides of the sheep lung are divided from one another by tissue septa, and each lobe can be treated or drug-delivered separately.

The lungs of sheep, like those of cattle and pigs, are highly segmented, with the right lung having four lobes and the left lung has two lobes, with the bronchus of the right cranial lobe emerging directly from the trachea before bifurcating.

While human lungs have three lobes, sheep lungs only have one. The majority of the spongy tissue in human lungs, called alveoli, is in charge of the body's gas exchange. Sheep rely on parenchyma cells, which are formations without this sort of tissue, to produce gas exchange in their bodies.

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Answer:

Mitosis

Explanation:

It takes place in two stages, e. g. Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis.

Answer:

Decomposers and scavengers break down dead plants and animals. They also break down the waste (poop) of other organisms. Decomposers are very important for any ecosystem. If they weren't in the ecosystem, the plants would not get essential nutrients, and dead matter and waste would pile up.

Explanation:

The identification of a primate species based solely on a mandible can be a challenging task and it usually requires a detailed examination of various features.

It is necessary to view specific images or quizzes from Quizlet to identify a primate based on a mandible.

They're such as the shape, size, and position of the teeth, the presence or absence of certain ridges or grooves, and the overall morphology of the bone.

In addition to this, it is important to consider the geographical and also temporal context in which the mandible was found, this will definitely help narrow down the possible species.

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Giraffes have a recurrent laryngeal nerve that takes a longer route than necessary due to their evolutionary history. The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve that supplies motor function to the larynx (voice box) and sensory function to the area.

In all mammals, including giraffes, the recurrent laryngeal nerve originates in the brain and travels down the neck, looping around the aortic arch (a major blood vessel) before returning up to the larynx. Most mammals take this route. However, giraffes have a much longer laryngeal nerve.

The reason for this detour is thought to be an evolutionary remnant from the time when giraffes had shorter necks, similar to their ancestors. Over millions of years, giraffes evolved elongated necks to reach high foliage for feeding, but the nerve's pathway remained largely unchanged. The nerve still follows the ancestral route, even though it now has to travel a much longer distance due to the giraffe's neck elongation.

Th quirk of anatomy in giraffes is an example of what is known as "phylogenetic constraint" or "evolutionary baggage." It demonstrates that evolutionary changes in anatomy do not always occur in a way that optimizes efficiency or eliminates unnecessary features. In the case of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in giraffes, the long pathway is an unintended consequence of the gradual evolution process over a long period.

The common characteristic of the SSP genes in the fungi was the presence of a secretion signal peptide.

The researchers who used the phrase "small secreted proteins" (SSPs) were referring to proteins less than 100 amino acids in length that the fungi secrete; their function is not yet known. According to Figure 17.21 and the text discussion, the SSP genes in the fungi shared a common feature that indicated the encoded proteins were destined for secretion.

The researchers found that the common characteristic of the SSP genes in the fungi was the presence of a secretion signal peptide. This signal peptide is a sequence of 15–30 amino acids long at the N-terminal of the pre-protein that is synthesized and is involved in the secretion process of the proteins. Therefore, the presence of a secretion signal peptide is necessary for the SSP genes to be secreted.

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Answer:

Mendel's law of independent assortment states that the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another. In other words, the allele a gamete receives for one gene does not influence the allele received for another gene.

Explanation:

Answer:

the control group is NS (normal stomach cells). the different cells can react different ways based on the specific cell because each cell in different people codes for different traits in each person therefore they are likely to react differently. the higher the SIRT3 expression the higher the cytoplasmic ATP levels. the difference is about 1 difference.

Explanation:

Intricate molecules make up proteins.

The way a protein folds up determines the distinct three-dimensional form that it has. It cannot do its task in the cell if it does not fold up into the proper shape. Amino acid linkages, which are dispersed along the protein molecule, are what give a protein its shape. The bond cannot form if the incorrect amino acid is present, preventing the protein from adopting the proper shape and performing its function. For instance, the illness sickle cell anemia is brought on by a single fatal error in the amino acid sequence of the hemoglobin molecule!

Proteins are made from chemical 'constructing blocks' called amino acids. Your body uses amino acids to construct and repair muscle mass and bones and to make hormones and enzymes.

They also can be used as an power source. you can without problems meet your day by day protein needs via following the Australian nutritional recommendations.

Proteins are big biomolecules and macromolecules that contain one or extra lengthy chains of amino acid residues.

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From the phylogenetic tree produced in response to your submission of the four amino acid sequences, it can be inferred about the evolutionary relationship of the four organisms: cow, chicken, potato, and yeast that all four of them belong to different kingdoms.

Further, cow and chicken, which are both animals, are closer related to each other than they are to the plant kingdom which includes potato. Yeast, on the other hand, being a fungus, is distantly related to all the three kingdoms and hence appears to be a more primitive organism as compared to the rest of the three organisms or kingdoms.

In addition to the above information, students can also infer that the degree of differences between the amino acid sequences can be used to estimate the time since the organisms shared a common ancestor. This can also be used to determine how long it has been since the four organisms diverged from each other.

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