in a closed system at 40 c a liquid has vapor pressure of 50 kpa. the liquids normal boiling point would be

The lower first ionization energy of sodium is due to the relatively weak attraction between the outermost electron and the nucleus, as well as the shielding effect provided by the inner electrons.

The ionization energy refers to the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion in its gaseous state. In the case of sodium, the first ionization energy is significantly lower than the second ionization energy. This can be explained by understanding the electron configuration and the principles of electron shielding and effective nuclear charge.

Sodium has an atomic number of 11, meaning it has 11 protons in its nucleus and 11 electrons surrounding it. These electrons are arranged in energy levels or shells, with the first shell containing 2 electrons and the second shell containing 8 electrons. The outermost electron in sodium is in the third energy level.

The first ionization energy is the energy required to remove the outermost electron from the atom. In sodium, this electron is relatively far from the nucleus and experiences less attraction to the positively charged protons.

Additionally, the outer electron in sodium experiences significant electron shielding from the inner electrons, meaning that the inner electrons partially shield the outer electron from the full attractive force of the nucleus.

As a result, it is easier to remove the outermost electron in sodium, and hence, the first ionization energy is relatively low. Once the outermost electron is removed, sodium becomes a positively charged ion (Na+).

The second ionization energy refers to the energy required to remove an electron from the Na+ ion, which now has a stronger effective nuclear charge due to the reduced electron-electron repulsion and decreased shielding effect. Consequently, it is more difficult to remove an electron from the Na+ ion, leading to a higher second ionization energy compared to the first ionization energy.

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Answer:

Mass of paraffin that would be needed to collect the amount of energy as 4.73 x 10³ kg of water is 6.85 * 10³ kg

Explanation:

Specific heat capacity of paraffin, Cp = 2.90 J/g.°C = 2900 J/kg.°C

Specific heat capacity of water = 4.20 J/g.°C = 4200 J/kg.°C

Amount of heat energy that can be stored by 4.73 * 10³ kg of water heated through a degree rise in temperature can be calculated as below:

Using  H = mCpθ where m is mass of substance, Cp is specific heat capacity and θ is temperature change

H = 4.73 * 10³ kg * 4200 J/kg.°C * 1°C

H = 19866000 J

Mass of paraffin that would be needed to collect the amount of energy as 4.73 x 10 3 kg of water for a degree rise in temperature is calculated as follows:

H = mCpθ

19866000J = m * 2900 J/kg.°C * 1°C

m = 19866000J / 2900 J/kg

m = 6850.34 kg = 6.85 * 10³ kg

Therefore, mass of paraffin that would be needed to collect the amount of energy as 4.73 x 10³ kg of water is 6.85 * 10³ kg

Explanation:

I. husking

ii. use magnet

III. husking

iv. floatation

v. Fractional distillation

At 500 K, the equilibrium constant `K_p` for the gas-phase thermal decomposition of tert-butyl chloride is 3.45.

A chemical reaction proceeds in both forward and backward directions. At some point in time, the rate of forward and backward reaction becomes equal.

At this stage, the system is said to be in a state of equilibrium. When the concentration of products and reactants no longer changes, the reaction is said to have reached equilibrium.

Constant is the term that is used for the ratio of the concentrations of products to the concentrations of reactants at equilibrium.

This ratio is also called the Equilibrium Constant `(K)`. It is only used for reversible reactions and its value changes with changes in temperature.

What is the formula of Equilibrium Constant `K_p`?Equilibrium Constant `K_p` is defined as the ratio of the partial pressures of products and reactants when the reaction reaches equilibrium.

Mathematically, it is given as:`K_p = (P_A)^a * (P_B)^b / (P_C)^c * (P_D)^d`where `A` and `B` are products and `C` and `D` are reactants. `a`, `b`, `c` and `d` are the respective coefficients in the balanced chemical equation. `P` is the partial pressure of the given substance.Given equation for the thermal decomposition of tert-butyl chloride:`(CH3)3CCl(g) ⇌ (CH3)2C=CH2(g) + HCl(g)`

The Equilibrium constant `K_p` of the given equation at 500K is given as:`K_p = 3.45`

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Answer:

Double replacement reactions

Explanation:

CD are two reactant compounds, while AB and CB are two product compounds that results from the reaction, in this type of reaction B and D change places

Answer: the line Spectra of hydrogen lies between the ultra-violet, visible light and infra-red of the electro magnetic spectrum

Explanation:

Electromagnetic radiation spans an wide range of wavelengths and frequencies. This range is called the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum is generally divided into seven regions, in order of decreasing wavelength and increasing energy and frequency. The 7 regions includes; radio waves, microwaves, infrared (IR), visible light, ultraviolet (UV), X-rays and gamma rays.

lower-energy radiation, such as radio waves, is expressed as frequency while microwaves, infrared, visible and UV light are usually expressed as wavelength and finally, higher-energy radiation such as X-rays and gamma rays, is expressed in terms of energy per photon.

Therefore, hydrogen lies between the ultra-violet, visible light and infra-red region of the electro magnetic spectrum.

The pH of the solution after adding 19.68 mL of 0.1000 M NaOH(aq) is 3.7525.

Volume of C₃H₇COOH(aq) = 20.00 mL

Concentration of C₃H₇COOH(aq) = 0.1000 M

Volume of NaOH(aq) added = 19.68 mL

Concentration of NaOH(aq) = 0.1000 M

Ka of butanoic acid = 1.52 × 10⁻⁵

To find the pH during the titration, we need to determine the concentration of H₃O⁺ ions in the solution.

First, calculate the initial moles of butanoic acid:

Moles of C₃H₇COOH = Volume × Concentration = (20.00 mL × 0.1000 M) / 1000 = 0.00200 moles

According to the balanced chemical equation, 1 mole of NaOH reacts with 1 mole of C₃H₇COOH. Therefore, the moles of NaOH added are:

Moles of NaOH = Volume × Concentration = (19.68 mL × 0.1000 M) / 1000 = 0.001968 moles

The moles of butanoic acid left after reacting with NaOH can be calculated as:

Moles of C₃H₇COOH left = Initial moles of C₃H₇COOH - Moles of NaOH = 0.00200 moles - 0.001968 moles = 0.000032 moles

The total volume of the solution after the addition of NaOH is (20.00 mL + 19.68 mL) = 39.68 mL or 0.03968 L.

Now, calculate the new concentration of butanoic acid:

Concentration of C₃H₇COOH = Moles of C₃H₇COOH left / Volume = 0.000032 moles / 0.03968 L = 0.0008065 M

The concentration of sodium butanoate (NaC₃H₇COO) formed is also 0.0008065 M, as the balanced equation shows a 1:1 mole ratio between C₃H₇COOH and NaC₃H₇COO.

Next, use the expression for the ionization of butanoic acid to calculate the pH:

C₃H₇COOH(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ C₃H₇COO⁻(aq) + H₃O⁺(aq)

Ka = [C₃H₇COO⁻][H₃O⁺] / [C₃H₇COOH]

Let [C₃H₇COO⁻] = [H₃O⁺] = x

[C₃H₇COOH] = 0.0008065 M - x

Substituting these values into the Ka expression, we get:

Ka = [x * x] / [0.0008065 - x]

Solving for x, the concentration of H₃O⁺ ions, using the given Ka value:

1.52 × 10⁻⁵ = [x * x] / [0.0008065 - x]

Solving the equation, we find:

[H₃O⁺] = x = 1.77 × 10⁻⁴ M

Finally, calculate the pH:

pH = -log[H₃O⁺]

pH = -log(1.77 × 10⁻⁴)

pH = 3.7525

Therefore, the pH of the solution after adding 19.68 mL of 0.1000 M NaOH(aq) is 3.7525.

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Answer:

yes

Explanation:

the energy released in the synthesis of water is equal to the energy absorbed in the decomposition of water. This outcome happens because the difference in energy between the reactants and the products in both cases is equal. . It follows the law of conservation of energy.

Atoms of silicon have 0.15 moles.

\(4.0 × 10^2^4\) atoms of silicon.

We have to find the number of moles.

Silicon has the atomic number 14.

One mole of silicon contains \(6.023× 10^2^3\) atoms.

\(6.023× 10^2^3\)number of atoms are present in one mole of silicon.

\(4.0*10^24\)number of atoms will have-

\(6.023*10^2^3/4.0*10^2^4=0.15\) moles.

Thus atoms of silicon have 0.15 moles.

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By using the ideal gas law to get volume we have"

Where v is volume, T is temperatute, n is number of moles, R is the molar gas constant and P is pressure. At STP P= 101,325 Pa, T= 273.15 K and R= 8.314 J/mol K

We must first convert mass to moles:

By substituting this value into the ideal gas law we have:

1.9502e-6L of H2 gas reacted at STP

Answer:

Yes

Beryllium is a chemical element with the symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is a steel-gray, strong, lightweight and brittle alkaline earth metal. ... Notable gemstones high in beryllium include beryl (aquamarine, emerald) and chrysoberyl.

Calcium is a mineral that is necessary for life. In addition to building bones and keeping them healthy, calcium enables our blood to clot, our muscles to contract, and our heart to beat. About 99% of the calcium in our bodies is in our bones and teeth.

The rate of reaction r is measured by the amount of gas produced at a 10-second interval.

in this reaction magnesium and acids are gradually used up. however acid is in excess so it is mainly a loss of magnesium. that causes a change in the rate.

if the graph of the axis is in y and time in the x-axis. this shows this reaction fastest at the beginning. as the magnesium is used up the rate falls. when the reaction has stopped no more gas is produced.

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Answer:No

Explanation:

It doesn't make a chemical reaction if u do that. Hope that helps!❤

To determine the mass of a single molecule of ethyl alcohol, we need to first calculate the mass of one mole of C2H5OH.

The molecular weight of C2H5OH is 46.07 g/mol, so one mole of C2H5OH has a mass of 46.07 grams. We can convert this to kilograms by dividing by 1000, which gives us 0.04607 kg. Next, we need to determine the number of molecules in the formula . We can do this by using Avogadro's number, which is 6.022 x 10^23 molarity per mole.

To find the number of moles in the sample, we divide the volume by the density:
mass = density x volume
mass = 806 kg/m3 x 2.82 x 10-3 m3
mass = 2.27772 kg

number of moles = mass / molecular weight
number of moles = 2.27772 kg / 46.07 g/mol
number of moles = 0.0495 mol

Finally, we can calculate the number of molecules in the sample by multiplying the number of moles by Avogadro's number:  number of molecules = number of moles x Avogadro's number
number of molecules = 0.0495 mol x 6.022 x 10^23 molecules/mol
number of molecules = 2.978 x 10^22 molecules

In summary, the mass of a single molecule of ethyl alcohol is 7.71 x 10^-26 kg, and there are approximately 2.978 x 10^22 molecules in the given sample.

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1. Sodium bicarbonate is added during the work-up phase because it helps in converting any residual acetic anhydride into acetic acid and neutralizes the unreacted salicylic acid.

Sodium bicarbonate is an effective pH neutralizer. In the preparation of aspirin, after the completion of the reaction, hydrochloric acid is added to lower the pH of the reaction mixture to about 2. At this point, aspirin precipitates as it is relatively insoluble in water. After filtration, the crude product is dissolved in hot water. At this stage, sodium bicarbonate is added to neutralize the acidic impurities like the acetic acid that is produced in the reaction. The impurities become soluble and easily removed from the solution.

2. The complete reaction mechanism for the preparation of aspirin is:

3. The crystals are washed with cold water during the first filtration to remove any impurities that may be present. Coldwater is used to prevent the solubility of aspirin in water. This makes it easier to remove any water-soluble impurities and unreacted salicylic acid that may be present.

4. The percent yield of the reaction is calculated by dividing the actual yield obtained by the theoretical yield that is calculated from the stoichiometry of the reactants involved in the reaction. Factors such as incomplete reactions, losses during filtration, and errors in measurement can all contribute to a lower yield. Therefore, the yield may be less than 100%.

5. The melting point of the newly synthesized aspirin should be around 136-140 °C if the reaction was successful. A lower melting point may be an indication of impurities in the final product. The impurities could be from an incomplete reaction, the presence of water or unreacted salicylic acid.

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Answer:

Solute - The solute is the substance that is being dissolved by another substance. In the example above, the salt is the solute. Solvent - The solvent is the substance that dissolves the other substance.

Explanation:

Answer:

Weigh a beaker or glass with the liquid then subtract the result from the beaker

Explanation:

beaker weight + liquid weight = mass of container

mass of container - beaker weight= liquid weight

This is similar to the law of conservation of mass

hope that helps :)

Answer:

D

Explanation:

The percent yield of the reaction is 37.2%. The theoretical yield, or maximum amount of product that can be produced based on the amount of limiting reagent utilized in the reaction, must first be ascertained in order to calculate the percent yield.

In chemistry, the percentage yield is used to compare the actual outcome of a reaction to the maximum outcome anticipated.

Several institutions place a high value on yield because past yield data enables them to forecast the number of students they will need to accept to order to reach their enrollment goal. Fewer pupils may be admitted if the school's yield rates historically have been high.

We can use stoichiometry to calculate the theoretical yield of p-nitro-toluene:

1 mole of toluene produces 1 mole of p-nitro-toluene

The molar mass of toluene is 92.14 g/mol, and the molar mass of p-nitro-toluene is 137.14 g/mol.

550.0 g of toluene is equivalent to 5.97 moles (550.0 g / 92.14 g/mol).

Therefore, the theoretical yield of p-nitro-toluene is:

5.97 moles of p-nitro-toluene = 5.97 moles of toluene

5.97 moles of p-nitro-toluene x 137.14 g/mol = 819.9 g

we can calculate the percent yield:

Percent yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100%

In the given experiment, the actual yield of p-nitro-toluene is 305 g.

Percent yield = (305 g / 819.9 g) x 100% = 37.2%

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Answer:

3.57 M

Explanation:

The reaction that takes place is:

First we calculate how many NaOH moles reacted, using the given concentration and volume:

Then we convert NaOH moles into H₂SO₄ moles, using the stoichiometric coefficients:

Finally we calculate the concentration of H₂SO₄:

Answer: A balanced equation for the  equilibrium reaction where the aqueous bicarbonate ion, \(HCO^{-}_{3}(aq)\); decomposes to  form hydrogen ions, \(H^{+}(aq)\) and carbonate ions, \(CO^{2-}_{3}\) is \(HCO^{-}_{3} \rightleftharpoons H^{+}(aq) + CO^{2-}_{3}\).

Explanation:

A balanced chemical equation is defined as the equation which contains same number of atoms on both reactant and product side.

Hence, balanced equation for the  equilibrium reaction where the aqueous bicarbonate ion, \(HCO^{-}_{3}(aq)\); decomposes to  form hydrogen ions, \(H^{+}(aq)\) and carbonate ions, \(CO^{2-}_{3}\) is as follows.

\(HCO^{-}_{3} \rightleftharpoons H^{+}(aq) + CO^{2-}_{3}\)

Here, number of atoms present on reactant side are as follows.

Number of atoms present on product side are as follows.

Since, there are same number of atoms present  on both reactant and product side. Therefore, this equation is balanced.

Thus, we can conclude that balanced equation for the  equilibrium reaction where the aqueous bicarbonate ion, \(HCO^{-}_{3}(aq)\); decomposes to  form hydrogen ions, \(H^{+}(aq)\) and carbonate ions, \(CO^{2-}_{3}\) is \(HCO^{-}_{3} \rightleftharpoons H^{+}(aq) + CO^{2-}_{3}\).

The answer is B hydro sphere

C. when the reflux ring passes the top of the condenser.

Reflux procedures involve heating a mixture in a flask, with the vapors that are generated condensing in a condenser and returning to the flask. This process is known as reflux and it helps to ensure that the reaction proceeds smoothly and completely.

The reflux ring is a visible indicator of the rate at which the vapor is condensing in the condenser. It is formed at the point where the hot vapor meets the cooler condenser and it moves up and down depending on the amount of vapor being condensed.

Timing the reflux for the procedure is important because it helps to ensure that the reaction proceeds for the required length of time. The reflux period is typically determined by the nature of the reaction and can range from a few minutes to several hours.


Therefore, the correct option is C - when the reflux ring passes the top of the condenser. This ensures that the reflux is occurring at the required rate and the reaction is proceeding as intended.

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Many reflux procedures involve a required length of time for the reflux to occur.

When should you start timing the reflux for the procedure?

Select one:

a. When you turn on the heat under the flask

b. When the sample is transferred to the flask

c. When the reflux ring passes the top of the condenser

d. When the reflux ring stabilizes in the condenser

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False. Halite, or sodium chloride (NaCl), is indeed a common salt found in seawater, but it is not the most abundant salt.

The most abundant salt in seawater is actually magnesium chloride (MgCl2), followed by sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), and calcium sulfate (CaSO4). While sodium chloride is a significant component of seawater, it is not the most abundant salt.

I apologize for the incorrect statement. Let me clarify the abundance of salts in seawater.

Seawater is composed of various dissolved salts and minerals. While sodium chloride (NaCl), commonly known as table salt or halite, is a significant component of seawater, it is not the most abundant salt present. The most abundant salt in seawater is magnesium chloride (MgCl2).

Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) is found in higher concentrations in seawater compared to sodium chloride. Other salts that are present in significant amounts include sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), and calcium sulfate (CaSO4). These salts contribute to the salinity and mineral content of seawater.

It is important to note that the specific concentrations of salts in seawater can vary depending on factors such as location, climate, and evaporation rates. Nonetheless, magnesium chloride is generally considered the most abundant salt in seawater, while sodium chloride remains an important but less abundant component.

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The skeletal system is the system that provides support to an organism, internal and made up of bones and cartilage in vertebrates, external in some other animals.

Tendon is a tough band of flexible but inelastic fibrous collagen tissue that connects a muscle with its bony attachment and transmits the force which the muscle exerts.

The femur is the bone that extends from the pelvis to the knee in humans. It is the largest bone of the human body.

The carpal bones are any of the eight bones of the carpus, which is the group of bones that make up the wrist.

The osseous or bone tissue is the major structural and supportive connective tissue of the body which forms the rigid part of the bone organs that make up the skeletal system.

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