If two genes are found on different chromosomes, or if they are far enough apart on the same chromosome that the chance of a crossover between them is very high, the genes are considered to be unlinked. Unlinked genes follow Mendel’s law of independent assortment. If, however, two genes tend to "travel together" because they are near one another on the same chromosome, they are said to be linked. Linked genes do not follow Mendel’s law of independent assortment. In this tutorial, you will compare the inheritance patterns of unlinked and linked genes.
Part A - Independent assortment of three genes
A wild-type tomato plant (Plant 1) is homozygous dominant for three traits: solid leaves (MM), normal height (DD), and smooth skin (PP).
Another tomato plant (Plant 2) is homozygous recessive for the same three traits: mottled leaves (mm), dwarf height (dd), and peach skin (pp)
Leaves Height Fruit Plant 1 solid normal Smooth (PP) (MM) (DD) Plant 2 mottled (mm) dwarf peach (Pp) (dd)
In a cross between these two plants (ADOPPx mmddpp), all offspring in the F, generasion are wild type and heterozygous for all three traits (AmDdPp)
Now suppose you perform a testcross on one of the F, plants (mOoPpx mmodpp). The F, generation can include piants with these eight possible phanotypes
a) solid normal, smooth
b) solid norma peach
c) solid dwarf smoom
d) solid dvarf, peach
a) motted nomal, amooth
b) motted, normal pesch
c) mottied, dwad smooth
d) moted dwaf peach
Assuming that the three genes undergo independent assortment, predict the phenotypio ratio of the offspring in the F, generation.

Answers

Answer 1

Complete question:

A wild-type tomato plant (Plant 1) is homozygous dominant for three traits: solid leaves (MM), normal height (DD), and smooth skin (PP).

Another tomato plant (Plant 2) is homozygous recessive for the same three traits: mottled leaves (mm), dwarf height(dd), and peach skin (pp).

In a cross between these two plants (MMDDPP x mmddpp), all offspring in the F1 generation are wild type and heterozygous for all three traits(MmDdPp).

Now suppose you perform a testcross on one of the F1plants (MmDdPp x mmddpp). The F2 generation can include plants with these eight possible phenotypes:

solid, normal, smooth

solid, normal, peach

solid, dwarf, smooth

solid, dwarf, peach

mottled, normal, smooth

mottled, normal, peach

mottled, dwarf, smooth

mottled, dwarf, peach

Assuming that the three genes undergo independent assortment, predict the phenotypic ratio of the offspring in the F2 generation.

Answer and Explanation:

Cross 1:

Parental) MMDDPP  x  mmddpp

F1) MmDdPp

Cross 2: Testcross

Parental) MmDdPp   x   mmddpp

Gametes) MDP   MdP   MDp  Mdp   mDP   mdP   mDp  mdp

                 mdp   mdp   mdp   mdp   mdp   mdp   mdp   mdp

Punnet Square)

              mdp            

MDP     MmDdPp

MdP     MmddPp

MDp     MmDdpp

Mdp     Mmddpp

mDP     mmDdPp

mdP     mmddPp

mDp     mmDdpp

mdp      mmddpp    

F2) 8/64 = 1/8 MmDdPp, solid leaves, normal height, smooth skin

     8/64 = 1/8 MmddPp,  solid leaves, dwarf height, smooth skin

     8/64 = 1/8 MmDdpp, solid leaves, normal height, peach skin

     8/64 = 1/8 Mmddpp,  solid leaves, dwarf height, peach skin

     8/64 = 1/8 mmDdPp, mottled leaves, normal height, smooth skin

     8/64 = 1/8  mmddPp,  mottled leaves, dwarf height, smooth skin

     8/64 = 1/8  mmDdpp,  mottled leaves, normal height, peach skin

     8/64 = 1/8  mmddpp,  mottled leaves, dwarf height, peach skin

Another way of predicting the phenotypic ratio of the offspring in the F2 generation is by performing a testcross for each gene by separately and then multiplying their genotypic proportions. This is:

Leaves Gene

Parental) Mm  x  mm

Gamtes) M  m    m   m

Punnet Square)        M     m

                       m    Mm   mm

                       m    Mm   mm

F2) 1/2 Mm

      1/2 mm

High Gene

Parental) Dd  x  dd

Gamtes) D  d    d   d

Punnet Square)       D     d

                       d     Dd    dd

                       d     Dd    dd

F2) 1/2 Dd

      1/2 dd

Skin Gene

Parental) Pp  x  pp

Gamtes) P   p   p   p

Punnet Square)       P    p

                          p   Pp   pp

                          p   Pp   pp

F2) 1/2 Pp

      1/2 pp

To get the phenotypic ratio of the offspring we multiply the genotypic proportion for each trait by the genotypic proportions of the other two traits, like this:

For plants with solid leaves, normal height, smooth skin

solid leaves ratio -> 1/2

normal height ratio -> 1/2

smooth skin ratio -> 1/2

MmDdPp ratio: 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/8

For plants with solid leaves, dwarf height, smooth skin

MmddPp ratio: 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/8

For plants with solid leaves, normal height, peach skin

MmDdpp ratio: 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/8

For plants with solid leaves, dwarf height, peach skin

Mmddpp ratio:  1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/8

For plants with mottled leaves, normal height, smooth skin

mmDdPp  ratio: 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/8  

For plants with mottled leaves, dwarf height, smooth skin

mmddPp ratio: 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/8

For plants with mottled leaves, normal height, peach skin

mmDdpp ratio: 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/8  

For plants with mottled leaves, dwarf height, peach skin

mmddpp  ratio: 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/8                    


Related Questions

what is tardigrade? Like what it is you know ? please tell meeeeeeeeeee

Answers

It is a really weird animal. Kind of like a fat caterpillar with a really creepy face.(kind looks like that creature from Ant man 2 when they’re in the quantum realm, if you’ve seen it)

Answer:

what is tardigrade? known colloquially as water bears or moss piglets, are a phylum of eight-legged segmented micro-animals.

Tardigrades pose no threat to humans. Scientists have yet to identify a species of tardigrade that spreads disease.

GIVING BRAINLIEST AND EXYRTA POITNS PLZZZ HELP ASAP

GIVING BRAINLIEST AND EXYRTA POITNS PLZZZ HELP ASAP

Answers

Answer: 1st class lever

Explanation:

Answer:1st

Explanation:

I need help with this question

I need help with this question

Answers

Answer:

Nebraska

Explanation:

"According to the 2019 Cattle Inventory, Nebraska’s 6.8 million head of cattle ranks as the second-highest in the US. With a population of about 1.8 million people, cattle greatly outnumber people in the state. Although Nebraska has recorded minimal growth in its cattle inventory, it remains one of the most important states in terms of cattle production. Agriculture is the biggest industry in Nebraska, and cattle production represents the largest segment of the agriculture industry. The state has approximately 23 million acres of pastureland and rangeland, half of which is located in the Sandhills."

Hope this helps

What is the reproduction structure on the flower that is the female part?A) SepalsB) PetalsC) StamensD) Pistils

Answers

The female part of the reproduction structure of a flower includes an ovary (produces ovules) and a stigma (receives the polen). Its name is Pistil.

Therefore, the correct answer is D) Pistils.

which nutrients are the most essential for the survival of plants

Answers

Answer:

These six essential nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur and calcium. The cool thing about these key nutrients is that they help create new cells, which then organize into plant tissue. Without these nutrients, growth and survival would not occur.

How can natural selection and genetic drift impact the evolution of a species?

Answers

Answer:

Both natural selection and genetic drift can impact the evolution of a species in different ways. Here are some examples:

Natural selection can cause the evolution of new adaptations that improve the fitness of a population. For example, if a population of birds lives in an environment with two types of seeds, birds with larger beaks may be better able to crack open the larger seeds and have a higher chance of survival and reproduction. Over time, the frequency of the larger beak trait may increase in the population, leading to the evolution of a new adaptation.

Genetic drift can cause the loss of genetic diversity within a population, which can reduce the ability of a population to adapt to changing environmental conditions. For example, if a population of insects experiences a severe reduction in population size due to a natural disaster, certain alleles may be lost from the population due to chance events. This can reduce the genetic diversity of the population and make it more vulnerable to environmental changes in the future.

Explanation:

how many characteristics of life the rabbit displaying?​

Answers

Characteristics of life the rabbit displaying regardless of their gender or breed type, rabbits can be silly, timid, shy, curious, and high spirits.

Regardless of their gender or breed, rabbits can be silly, timid, shy, inquisitive, and lively. You must comprehend your rabbit's wants if you want to maintain them healthy and content throughout their life. Many domestic rabbits can live up to 12 years old, and the majority of them can easily reach the age of 8 years.

Rabbits are excellent indoor pets. They can be trained to go in the home, are affectionate, and naturally clean. Although it's a misconception that house rabbits are low-maintenance pets, they actually need a lot of care and attention. Rabbits are gregarious and inquisitive creatures that make wonderful pets.

To learn more about rabbits please visit-
https://brainly.com/question/13961787
#SPJ4

What is the optimal pH for pepsin and
salivary amylase? Why do they differ?​

Answers

Answer:

Pepsin works in the highly acidic conditions of the stomach. It has an optimum pH of about 1.5. On the other hand, trypsin works in the small intestine, parts of which have a pH of around 7.5. Trypsin's optimum pH is about 8.3.7: The Effect of pH on Enzyme Kinetics.

Explanation:

hope this helps you

How did Mendel prevent flowers from self pollinating in his experiments

Answers

he removed the anthers from the flowers of some of the plants in his experiment. then he pollinated them by hand

1. Fill in the blanks
2. What is the full name of DNA

1. Fill in the blanks 2. What is the full name of DNA

Answers

Answer:

DNA= dexyribonucleic acid

hope it helps

stay safe healthy and happy.

Which of the following descriptors is false regarding enzymes?

Answers

Answer:

Data not given

Explanation:

Date given is not appropriate and complete

Honey usted forgot to post a picture with it..

which statement dose not describe radioactive atoms

Answers

Answer:

put the picture of the question

Explanation:

please

Which of the following nutrient provide more energy? a. Protein b. Carbohydrate c. Lipids d. Vitamins​

Answers

The nutrient which provide more energy is C. Lipids

Among the given options, lipids provide the most energy per unit mass. Lipids, also known as fats, are a concentrated source of energy in the diet. When metabolized, lipids yield approximately 9 kilocalories (kcal) of energy per gram.

Carbohydrates, including sugars and starches, provide approximately 4 kcal of energy per gram. They are a readily available source of energy for the body, particularly for short-term energy needs. Proteins also provide approximately 4 kcal of energy per gram. However, their primary role is not as an energy source but rather as the building blocks for tissues, enzymes, and other important molecules in the body.

Vitamins, on the other hand, do not provide significant energy. They are essential for various biochemical processes in the body but do not contribute directly to energy production.

It is important to note that while lipids provide the most energy per gram, the overall balance and variety of nutrients in a diet are crucial for maintaining optimal health. Nutrient needs vary based on individual factors, such as age, sex, activity level, and overall health goals. Therefore, Option C is correct.

Know more about Lipids here:

https://brainly.com/question/17352723


#SPJ8

Tolman believed that rats form cognitive maps, internal representations of the layout of the world. (A) In one experiment, rats placed at the start of a maze learned to run directly to a goal box where food was provided; the purple line shows the rats' route. (B) If the preferred route was blocked, rats could easily find an effective alternative route (orange line); this indicates that they had information about the spatial layout of the maze.

Answers

(A) In one experiment, rats placed at the start of a maze learned to run directly to a goal box where food was provided; the purple line shows the rats' route. (B) If the preferred route was blocked, rats could easily find an effective alternative route (orange line), Tolman believed that rats form cognitive maps, internal representations of the layout of the world.

Any visual depiction of an individual's (or a group's) mental model for a particular procedure or idea is called a cognitive maps. The way that concepts and their connections are graphically depicted in cognitive maps is not constrained by any visual conventions that they must abide by. A cognitive map is a mental representation of the actual environment's arrangement. Driving home from work on a familiar route without a GPS is an example of employing a cognitive map.

Learn more about cognitive maps here:

https://brainly.com/question/14327699

#SPJ4

Tolman believed that rats form cognitive maps, internal representations of the layout of the world. (A)

92ml 3.0 fl oz what is the ratio​

Answers

The ratio between 92 mL and 3.0 fl oz is 46 : 44, or it can be further simplified to 23 : 22.

To find the ratio between 92 mL and 3.0 fl oz, we need to convert the units to a common measurement. Let's convert 3.0 fl oz to milliliters (mL).

1 fluid ounce (fl oz) is equal to approximately 29.5735 milliliters (mL).

Therefore, 3.0 fl oz is equal to 3.0 * 29.5735 = 88.72 mL (rounded to two decimal places).

Now we can express the ratio between 92 mL and 88.72 mL:

92 mL : 88.72 mL

Simplifying the ratio by dividing both sides by the greatest common divisor, we get:

46 : 44

So, the ratio between 92 mL and 3.0 fl oz is 46 : 44, or it can be further simplified to 23 : 22.

Know more about   ratio  here:

https://brainly.com/question/4771743

#SPJ8

outline the structure of carbohydrates​

Answers

Answer:

I hope this helps

Explanation:

Carbohydrates consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. ... They are organic compounds organized in the form of aldehydes or ketones with multiple hydroxyl groups coming off the carbon chain. The building blocks of all carbohydrates are simple sugars called monosaccharides.N

The following diagram shows the branching tree for four kingdoms and some of their shared derived characteristics.

What shared characteristic can be written at point X? Use complete sentences to explain your answer.

The following diagram shows the branching tree for four kingdoms and some of their shared derived characteristics.What

Answers

Derived characters are those that emerge at some point during evolution, and are expressed by all the subsequent groups. Derived characters shared by protist, plants, fungi, and animals are: eukaryotic organisms, autotroph or heterotroph, cell membrane, nuclei with DNA, mitochondria.

What are derived characters?

The derived character is any trait that a group passes to the descendants.

Through evolution, the characters change, and new changes are added.

When referring to a derived character, we mean that all the subsequent species in the cladogram, after the character emerged, carry the trait.

In the exposed example, we need to describe characters expressed by protists, plants, fungi, and animals.

Eukaryotic organisms, autotroph or heterotroph. All of them have cell membranes, nuclei with DNA, and mitochondria.

You can learn more about derived character at

https://brainly.com/question/9983215

#SPJ1

Help please, info in the pic

Help please, info in the pic

Answers

Differentiation- An increase in the specialization of a cell.

Homologous chromosomes- Pairs of chromosomes that have similar lengths, centromere locations, and gene position.

Cancer- A disease caused by disruptions in the cell cycle that leads to uncontrollable growth and reproduction of certain cell types.

Senescent cells- A cell that cannot reproduce itself any longer but can still carry out its function.

Apoptosis- The series of steps a cell takes to self-destruct.

Gene expression- The process by which instructions in DNA are used to produce a protein or other functional product.

Fibroblasts- Cells that make tissues.

Multipotent- Can become many different types of specialized cells within a tissue or organ.

How is relative dating of fossils different from absolute dating?

Answers

Answer:

Absolute dating is the actual date of the rock and can also been known as radioactive dating. Relative dating is using the rock layers and fossil records to determine the age of the rock, and it is not the actual age of the rock. :)

Explanation:

2. Which fad diet is based on trying to rid your body of toxins?
O A. Extreme fasting
O B. Limited food diet
O C. Keto diet
O D. Detox diet

Answers

D. Detox diet is the answer
D. Detox diet. It involves consuming foods and drinks that are believed to help remove toxins from the body and promote weight loss.

1. The Human Genome Project has demonstrated that in humans of all races and nationalities approximately 99.9 percent of the genome sequence is the same, yet different individuals can be identified by DNA fingerprinting techniques. a. What is one primary variation in the human genome that can be used to distinguish different individuals

Answers

Answer:

Copy number variations (CNVs)

Explanation:

Copy number variations (CNV) are variations in the number of copies of specific nucleotide sequences present in the genome of organisms of the same species (or closely related species). The Human Genome Project showed that the human genome contains many CNVs, which are caused by duplications and deletions (indels) of large regions of repetitive (non-coding) DNA regions. Since CNV are usually localized in non-coding DNA regions, they generally are evolutionary neutral (i.e., prone to diverge among organisms) and therefore don't affect the phenotype of the individual. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) represent another type of sequence variation that is abundant across the human genome.

What best describes these? A prokaryote, a eukaryote, both, or neither.

Has a cell membrane
Has cilia
Has a Nucleus
Has circular DNA
Has multiple chromosomes
Has spike proteins to attach to cell membranes
Has Flagella
Has double stranded RNA
Has Ribosomes

Answers

Prokaryote: Has a cell membrane, has circular DNA, has spike proteins to attach to cell membranes, has flagella, has ribosomes

Eukaryote: Has a nucleus, has multiple chromosomes

Both: None

Neither: Has cilia, has double stranded RNA

in which biome are minerals in the soil most rapidly depleted


Answers

Answer:

Boreal forest is among the largest terrestrial biomes on earth in which minerals in the soil most rapidly depleted.

How is small intestine important in our digestive system?·

Answers

Answer:

The small intestine is important in our digestive system because it helps carry out most of the digestive process. It absorbs almost all of the nutrients you get from your food, and enter it into the bloodstream.

Explanation:

Hope This Helps!

photosynthesis needs a supply of CO2, H2O and sunlight. Wher do these resources come from?

Answers

Answer:

CO2 = Humans

H2O = Soil

Sunlight = Sun

Explanation:

Plants get CO2 from humans after respiration has occurred . The take the carbon that humans breathe out from the atmosphere.

Plants get H2O from the soil. The plants root absorb the water in the soil.

Plants get sunlight from the sun. Sun rays are used by plants to go through the process of photosynthesis.

Answer:

Carbon dioxide and water are released during respiration and used by plants during photosynthesis and sunlight is obtained from the sun.

Explanation:

Photosynthesis and respiration are the two processes that take place simultaneously and take the products of each other as their reactants.

How is the nitrogen cycle important to humans?

A.It produces free nitrogen that humans can breathe.

B.It converts nitrogen into a form that humans can obtain by eating other organisms.

C. It produces nitrogen compounds that humans can breathe.

D. It converts nitrogen into a form that humans can obtain by absorbing it through their skin.

Answers

The nitrogen cycle is important to humans in the following way: it converts nitrogen into a form that humans can obtain by eating other organisms (option B).

What is the nitrogen cycle?

Nitrogen cycle is the natural circulation of nitrogen in a series of processes by which nitrogen and its compounds are interconverted in the environment and in living organisms, including nitrogen fixation and decomposition.

During the nitrogen cycle, atmospheric nitrogen is converted to nitrogen oxides by lightning and deposited in the soil by rain, where it is assimilated by plants and either eaten by animals (and returned as faeces) or decomposed back to elemental nitrogen by bacteria.

The usable form of nitrogen that is assimilated by plants becomes accessible to humans when they consume the plants, hence, depicting the importance of the nitrogen cycle.

Learn more about nitrogen cycle at: https://brainly.com/question/1615727

#SPJ1

Help Please 50 Points!! If u steal points u get banned!
At least Have a nice amount of information!


Describe 3 Native animals species found in the Blue Ridge Mountains


At least 1 of the 3 animals needs to be endangered or threatened


Include the role of the species that plays in an energy pyramid


Explain the special adaptations that the animals exhibit that help them to survive in this biome.

Answers

Mice, fox, and elk are the three native animal species that may be found in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Elk and mice are considered to be main consumers, whereas fox is considered to be a tertiary consumer. To slow down the body's rate of heat loss, have small ears and a nose.

What is consumer ?

A consumer is a person or group that does not actively engage in entrepreneurial or commercial operations but who plans to order or utilizes acquired items, products, or services primarily for personal, social, family, or household purposes.

Any individual or group who makes ultimate use of a good or service is referred to as a consumer. Here are a few instances, a client who spends money having their hair styled and trimmed by a hairstylist. a business that purchases a printer for business use.

Thus, Mice, fox, and elk are the three native animal species that may be found in the Blue Ridge Mountains.

To learn more about consumer, follow the link;

https://brainly.com/question/13420317

#SPJ1

Which of the following is evidence for the endosymbiosis theory?

Which of the following is evidence for the endosymbiosis theory?

Answers

Answer:

Mitochondria and chloroplast contain DNA similar to bacterial DNA

Explanation:

Both mitochondria and chloroplast have their own DNA, which by then was known to contain the hereditary material of organisms. Mitochondrial DNA has a simple circular structure, which is structurally similar to bacteria DNA and is more or less the same size.

Your answer is correct!

6)
The cellular process in which materials are moved across a membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high
concentration is called?

Answers

Answer:

diffusion

Explanation:

diffusion occur from lower concentration to higher concentration

What are the "energy factories" within a plant cell?

Answers

mitochondria is the energy factors in a plant cell! hope this helps
Other Questions
chegg two speakers a and b are 3.50 m apart, and each one is emitting a frequency of 444 hz. however, because of signal delays in the cables, speaker a is one-fourth of a period ahead of speaker b. 10 Plz Help Cube Measuring Volume! 6) Find the equation of a line that is parallel to y = 2x + 3 and passes through (-1,-1).A) y = 2x + 1B) y = 2x + 3C) y = 4x + 3D) y = 4x + 5 What conclusion can you draw from the fact that Hitler lost his election bid against German president Hindenberg in 1932?The majority of Germans were not yet convinced that the Nazi party could solve Germany's problems.The German people distrusted those in power and were fully backing the Nazi party's rise to take over Germany.Hindenburg and his political party used deceptive propaganda and stuffed ballots to prevent Hitler from successfully taking office.Hitler and his party had been given a fair platform on which to present their ideas to the German people. how does erosion shape the land? please help me What is one major difference between socialism and communism? O Social classes still exist under socialism, but not under communism. O Citizens may own personal property under communism, but not under socialism. O Socialism is only an economic system, while communism is an economic and political system. O Under socialism, businesses seek to earn profits, but under communism they seek to meet people's needs. a term that comprises those foods and their bioactive components that promote well-being, health, and optimal body function or reduce disease risk is . functional foods alternative supplements nutritional supplements complimentary supplements Whats the type of reaction and word equation for: C2H6O+2O2= 2CO2 + 3H2O Sanchez Company engaged in the following transactions during Year 1: Started the business by issuing $42,000 of common stock for cash. The company paid cash to purchase $26,400 of inventory. The company sold inventory that cost $16,000 for $30,600 cash. Operating expenses incurred and paid during the year, $14,000. Sanchez Company engaged in the following transactions during Year 2: The company paid cash to purchase $35,200 of inventory. The company sold inventory that cost $32,800 for $57,000 cash. Operating expenses incurred and paid during the year, $18,000. Sanchez uses the perpetual inventory system. What is Sanchez's gross margin for the Year 2? A bond pays out a coupon of SEK 8,000 annually and is priced at an annual interest rate of 5.39%. At what price should the bond be traded today if the maturity is infinite? Help me with math homework please? :) Which statement describes a homogeneous catalyst?It is in a gaseous phase only.It is in the same phase as the reactants.It is completely consumed by reactants.It forms different products than the uncatalyzed reaction forms. "Which of the following is not part of the Agile Manifesto? Select one: a. Individuals and interactions over processes and tools b. Responsibility to change over following a plan c. Working software ov" zaleznik early typology of followership was designed to . group of answer choices refute the way followers were conceptualized in transformational leadership help followers become leaders themselves provide 10 different ways to describe followers help managers identify and punish bad followers X/-22=3 what is X Help In a similar experiment 40 years earlier, embryologist Hans Roux allowed the first cleavage to occur and then used a needle to kill just one blastomere. The embryo that developed from the remaining blastomere (plus remnants of the dead cell) was abnormal, resembling a halfembryo. How might the presence of molecules in the dead cell explain why Roux's result differed from the control result in Spemann's experiment? If a physician obtains a pap smear specimen from a non-medicare patient and incurs the cost for it to be transferred to an outside laboratory. how is this coded? The perimeter of a triangle is 104 units. The combined length of two of the sides of the triangle is 64 units. What is the length of the third side of the triangle in units? A 168 units B 6,656 units C 40 units D 1.625 units Find an equation of the tangent plane to the given parametric surface at the specified point. x = u + V, y = 842, z = u V; (2,8, 0) = 1 8(x 2) + y 8+8= = 0 - x Positive or negative exponents represesent very small numbers