if codons were read two bases at a time instead of three bases at a time, how many different possible amino acids could be specified?
Answers
The variety of codons that might be constructed would be reduced if codons were only 2 bases long. More distinct nucleotides would be needed to generate enough distinct sequences to code for the 20 amino acids.
In E. coli, there are only 3 tRNAs available for the four distinct codons of glycine, for example. While it is true that numerous codons can each code for a single amino acid, this flexibility is only made feasible because of the 'wobble' between the third codon base and the first anticodon base.
combinations of these codons or triplets. Three of the 64 codons are stop codons, as we already indicated. These three stop codons just stop translation; they do not encode any amino acids.
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Related Questions
Suppose my utility function for asset position x is given by u(x) = √x /100. I now have $20,701 and am considering the following two lotteries: L1: With probability 0.5 I gain $10000 With probability 0.5 I lose $10000 L2: With probability 0.85 I gain $3,317 With probability 0.15 I lose $8,029 What is the risk premium of L2 ? Round your answer to the nearest integer. _______
Answers
The risk premium of L2 is $1,966.
To calculate the risk premium, we need to compare the expected utility of the certain outcome (keeping the initial $20,701) with the expected utility of the lottery outcome.
For L1:
Expected utility = (0.5 * u(20,701 + 10,000)) + (0.5 * u(20,701 - 10,000))
For L2:
Expected utility = (0.85 * u(20,701 + 3,317)) + (0.15 * u(20,701 - 8,029))
Using the utility function u(x) = √x / 100, we can calculate the expected utility for each lottery.
For L1:
Expected utility = (0.5 * (√(20,701 + 10,000) / 100)) + (0.5 * (√(20,701 - 10,000) / 100))
For L2:
Expected utility = (0.85 * (√(20,701 + 3,317) / 100)) + (0.15 * (√(20,701 - 8,029) / 100))
To find the risk premium, we compare the expected utility of L2 with the expected utility of the certain outcome:
Risk premium = Expected utility of L2 - Expected utility of certain outcome
Expected utility of certain outcome = u(20,701)
Risk premium = Expected utility of L2 - u(20,701)
By evaluating the expressions, we find that the risk premium of L2 is approximately $1,966.
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Question 22 of 22 Several members of the family in the pedigree who suffered from a disease are colored in black. Currently deceased members of the family are struck out with a line. Based on the data in the pedigree, propose a Mendelian model that would explain the inheritance of this disease. Explain how the data is consistent with your model. A scientist hypothesizes that a mutation at a single locus is responsible for the pattern of inheritance seen in this pedigree. Explain how a mutation in a gene can arise during meiosis. Describe one strategy organisms use to prevent such mutations from arising.
Answers
A. Many families have Alzheimer's disease. From this we conclude that the disease is X-linked recessive.
B. Meiosis is the process of generating gamete cells. There are two choices: mutual break join and another non-reciprocal break copy.
Many families are affected by Alzheimer's disease. It cannot be autosomal inherited because it affects more men than women. Affected males in the second generation have many affected children with normal wives.
If it was autosomal dominant, the sick father would have passed it on to all his second-generation children, but that is not the case. Therefore, it cannot be autosomal dominant.
If it had been autosomal recessive, he would not have affected his children, as his wife appears normal. increase. Therefore, it is not an autosomal abnormality.
Not X-linked dominant, in which case the affected father passed his only X chromosome to his daughter, making her daughter sick. But in this case, the sons are involved. Therefore, it is not X-linked dominant.
From this we conclude that the disease is X-linked recessive.
B. Meiosis is the process of generating gamete cells. Mutations can occur during meiosis in various ways such as double-strand breaks, inversions and point mutations. Important mutation types include missense, nonsense, and point mutations. Cells use multiple repair mechanisms to repair DNA damage or mutations during meiosis. One of the most efficient mechanisms is double-strand break repair by homologous recombination (HR).
Here, the DNA is unwound at the mutated region by recA loading. Recombination with homologous pairs continues through the RecBCD complex.
Here are his two alternatives: reciprocal break join and another non-reciprocal break copy.
Repair normally occurs during her S phase of the cell cycle, when the cell divides its DNA. However, mutations that occur during meiosis, such as chromatid pairing and recombination, are not easily repaired. Cells stop dividing only when the mutation gets worse.
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hi please help i’ll give brainliest
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
13.5 billion years
“About 4.5 billion years”
Translation involves all of the following types of moleculesexcept:aDNAb amino acidsСtRNAd mRNA
Answers
Translation involves all of the given types of molecules except: (a) DNA.
Translation is the process by which the information encodes in the m-RNA is translated into a structure called protein. Proteins are the actual functional parts of the gene which are made up of amino acids as the monomers. The process of translation occurs in the ribosomes.
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid. It is a major genetic material present in majority of the organisms. The structure of DNA is a double stranded helix joining together by the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides. The role of DNA is observed in process like replication and transcription but not in translation.
Therefore the correct answer is option a.
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the step in which the muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten is called (click to select) . it begins after the active site on actin is exposed.
Answers
The step in which the muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten is called the cross-bridge cycle. It begins after the active site on actin is exposed.
The cross-bridge cycle is the sequence of events that occur between the myosin head and actin during muscle contraction. The cycle of muscle contraction has four stages:1. Cross-bridge formation: In the first stage, the myosin head attaches to actin, forming a cross-bridge.
2. The powerstroke : Once the cross-bridge has formed, the myosin head rotates and pulls the thin filament towards the center of the sarcomere. This movement is referred to as the power stroke.
3. Cross-bridge detachment: In the third stage, ATP binds to myosin, causing the cross-bridge to detach from the actin filament.
4. Reactivation of the myosin head: The myosin head is then reactivated, and the cross-bridge cycle begins again, causing muscle contraction .
Tropomyosin is a protein that blocks the myosin-binding sites on actin in a muscle fiber at rest. When calcium ions bind to troponin, it changes the shape of the troponin-tropomyosin complex, exposing the myosin-binding sites on actin.
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(50 points)The picture is a cross section of a bone.
A cross sectional view of bone. X points to the inner layer. Y points to the middle layer.
Which structures of the bone are indicated by the arrows?
A. X-compact; Y-spongy
B. X-spongy; Y-marrow
C. X-spongy; Y-compact
D. X-marrow; Y-spongy
Answers
Answer:
it is b X-spongy; Y-marrow, i am doing the test, and the other person is correct.
Explanation:
The arrows point to the bone formations called X-marrow and Y-spongy. So, the correct option is D.
What are Compact and spongy bones?Osteons or haversian systems are tightly packed together to form compact bone. The osteon is made up of concentric circles (lamellae) of matrix surrounding a central canal known as the osteonic (haversian) canal. The bone cells (osteocytes), which are situated between both the rings of matrix, are found in regions known as lacunae.
The bone marrow stores fat and produces blood cells. Spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, is composed of tiny, needle-like bone fragments organized in a honeycomb pattern. Bones that are more flexible can still be strong while weighing less. In the given example, the arrows indicate to a X-marrow and Y-spongy bone structures.
Therefore, the correct option is D.
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what cell can only produce cells like itself
Answers
Answer:
Adult stem cells, like all stem cells, share at least two characteristics. First, they can make identical copies of themselves for long periods of time; this ability to proliferate is referred to as long-term self-renewal.
Which issue in a game would a developer most likely address by adding an
option to change the color palette?
A. Accessibility for color-blind users
B. Bias toward users who prefer bright colors
C. Accessibility for users who are blind
D. Bias against users of a certain gender
Answers
Answer:
A) accessibility for those who are color blind
Explanation:
C is impossible because they're blind, D is offensive, and B doesn't make sense.
Hope this helps!
Vivienne visits a botanical garden in a nearby city and sees a plant commonly called Touch-Me-Not. She touches the tip of the leaf of this plant, known as Mimosa pudica, with her finger and watches the leaves close. She later learns that chemicals trigger this reaction. Plants respond to stimuli in different ways. Read each of the words or phrases sentences that describe a kind of tropism. Drag each into the correct box.
Answers
Stem is an example of negative gravitropism. Thus the correct matches are A-4, B-1, C-3, and D-2.
What is tropism?
A tropism is a phenomenon, which indicates the growth or turning movement of an organism, usually a plant, in response to an environmental condition. Types of tropism are shown by the parts of plants.
The phrases with the types of tropism are matched below
Stem is an example of positive gravitropism as the stem moves in an upward direction.The root is an example of negative gravitropism as it moves in a downward direction.Coils around any object it touches are an example of thigmotropism.Grows toward light are an example of phototropism.Learn more about tropism, here:
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Your question is incomplete. The complete question would be
A. Stem is an example of a?
B. The root is an example of a?
C. Coils around any object it touches are an example of?
D. Grows toward light is an example of a?
Types of tropism
1. negative gravitropism.
2. phototropism.
3. thigmotropism.
4. positive gravitropism.
If it wasn't for the Sun and the ___ cycle, our current atmosphere might not exist, and weather on Earth would be minimal.
A. Water
B. Carbon
C. Oxygen
D. Nitrogen
Please give an explanation
Answers
Answer:
B. Carbon cycle
Explanation:
The operation of the carbon cycle is one of the most important in this regard as it ultimately controls levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The carbon cycle is responsive to changes in climate and oceanography and is coupled to nutrients cycles.
What is each half of a chromosome called?
O A. Demisome
OB. Spindle Fiber
C. Chromatid
D. Centromere
Answers
Answer:
cromatidaida
Explanation:
Answer:
the answer is C
''chromatid''
Explanation:
hope this helps :)
case studies assignment grade 11
Answers
A structure consisting of tissues organized to carry out a specific function defines a(n):_____.
Answers
A structure consisting of tissues organized to carry out a specific function defines a(n): Organ.
Organs are grouped into organ systems, in which they work together to carry out a particular function for the organism.
The function of an organ system depends on the integrated activity of its organs. For instance, digestive system organs cooperate to process food.
The survival of the organism depends on the integrated activity of all the organ systems, often coordinated by the endocrine and nervous systems. All the systems of the body work together to keep an organism up and running.
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what are two use cases for executing anonymous apex code choose 2 answers
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Executing anonymous apex code is a tool that allows users to interactively execute Apex code statements and queries. Given that, there are two use cases for executing anonymous apex code. They are: Use Case 1: Testing Snippets of Code and Use Case 2: Troubleshooting problems with a particular org.
What is anonymous apex code?
Anonymous Apex is a way to test code snippets, practice writing logic, and test governor limits quickly. Anonymous Apex is ideal for making immediate changes to the database for analysis purposes and automating one-time tasks. It is used to quickly test something that you are unsure of, to test a function or class that you've created, and also to verify the results of a particular query.
Use Case 1: Testing Snippets of CodeIt's a best practice to write test code to check that your app works properly, but it can be time-consuming to write test code to test a small part of it. Anonymous Apex is a great tool for quickly testing snippets of code. It's helpful for doing the following: Testing new functionality before incorporating it into a larger codebase. Testing code that was copied and pasted from an external source or developer forum. Testing whether certain code will work in the context of your Salesforce org.
Use Case 2: Troubleshooting problems with a particular org. There are instances when issues in a particular org will arise, and you will have to troubleshoot and find the cause of the problem. This is where anonymous Apex comes in. Because anonymous Apex runs within the context of an org, it can be used to test things like: Creating a record for a particular object Modifying a record for a particular object Deleting a record for a particular object Running a SOQL query Running a DML statement Running SOSL queries Running Apex Code
That's all about two use cases for executing anonymous apex code.
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you are stranded on an island with a large bag of grain and two egg laying chickens. Mathematically speaking what is your best eating strategy to have enough energy for survival? use 10% energy rule to support your claim
Answers
Yes. Give the chickens all of the grain to consume, then do so. Eat the chickens eggs while feeding them all the cereal.
Are chickens able to consume cereal?It's acceptable to occasionally eat plain grains like unsweetened Shredded Wheat, Corn Chex, and Original Cheerios. Contrarily, cereals that have been sweetened and are vividly coloured have too much sugar and artificial colouring that poultry (and probably humans) shouldn't consume frequently.
What is the preferred energy source for chickens?All cells require the utilization of carbohydrates as a fuel source because they provide energy quickly. The majority of a chicken's diet is made up of carbohydrates. They are derived from grains of cereal. (corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, rye, millet, etc.)
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What is an educated guess that can come from a previous experiences and logical inferences?
Answers
What is a quaternary consumer.
Answers
The quaternary consumer is an animal that comes at the top of the food chain after the primary consumer.
These animals eat those animals which are at lower levels in the food chain such as secondary and tertiary consumers.
A few examples of quaternary consumers are hawks, white sharks, lions, etc.
In a food chain, a lion as a quaternary consumer starts with a mouse that consumes grass. Afterward, the mouse is consumed by a rabbit, becoming the rabbit’s secondary consumer. Afterward, the rabbit is consumed by a jackal, becoming the tertiary consumer, and lastly, the lion then consumes the jackal, thereby taking him to the position of the quaternary consumer.
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The quaternary consumer is then defined as the one who feeds on tertiary consumers. These are the animals that consumes at the top of the food chain after the primary consumer.
Quaternary consumer primarily prey on or eat animals lower in the food chain than themselves, such as tertiary and secondary consumers. They are usually larger animals. Because they are larger, they also need to eat a lot of food to stay alive, so there are usually fewer quaternary consumers in an ecosystem than other animals.
The quaternary consumers are obligate meat consumers, most are opportunistic predators that eat tertiary, secondary, or even primary consumers. Some examples of quaternary consumers are Eagles, Polar bears, Lions, Tigers etc.
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How would a compromised respiratory system impact the
circulatory
system?
Answers
Answer:
The circulatory and respiratory systems work together to circulate blood and oxygen throughout the body. Air moves in and out of the lungs through the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. Blood moves in and out of the lungs through the pulmonary arteries and veins that connect to the heart.
explain why it is unlikely for all of the offspring in spinach plant to have flat leaves even though both parents do
Answers
The trait for leaf shape in spinach plants is likely determined by multiple genes, each with different alleles that contribute to the overall phenotype.
Additionally, environmental factors such as light, temperature, and nutrient availability can also influence the expression of these genes.
Explanation:
When two spinach plants with flat leaves are crossed, their offspring will inherit a combination of alleles from each parent that determines their phenotype. However, because each parent has two copies of each gene, there are many possible combinations of alleles that the offspring can inherit. This means that even if both parents have only alleles that produce flat leaves, there is a chance that their offspring may inherit different combinations of alleles that result in a different leaf shape.
Furthermore, environmental factors can also play a role in determining the phenotype of the offspring. For example, if the offspring are grown under different conditions than their parents, such as in different light or nutrient conditions, this could lead to differences in the expression of the genes that control leaf shape.
Therefore, while it is possible for some of the offspring of two spinach plants with flat leaves to also have flat leaves, it is unlikely that all of them will have this trait due to the complex interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors.
Environment A is warm and gets lots of rain. Environment B is warmer and gets more rain year round. Identify Environment
Answers
Environment A is characterized as warm and receiving a lot of rain, which suggests it could be a tropical or subtropical rainforest or a humid subtropical climate. On the other hand, Environment B is warmer and receives even more rain year-round, which could suggest a tropical rainforest or a humid equatorial climate.
It's important to note that these are generalizations and the specific location and geography of each environment would play a role in determining its exact climate classification.
Based on the descriptions provided, Environment A can be identified as a humid subtropical climate, characterized by warm temperatures and significant rainfall. Environment B can be identified as a tropical rainforest climate, which has even warmer temperatures and receives more rainfall throughout the year.
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Which statement best relates why these animals have so much blubber?
Answers
Answer:
awnser mine and ill awnser urs
Explanation:
You have collected data on the observed genotype frequencies of the next generation. they are 60% ff, 30% ff, and 10% ff.
Answers
Yes, because the ratio of alleles is not following the Mendelian ratio.
According to Mendelian genetics, if there is a gene F at any locus then the possible phenotypes it can produce will be Ff, ff, and Ff in the ratio of 1:2:1, respectively. Out of all three FF and ff will be homozygous whereas Xx genotype will be heterozygous and if the phenotype of Ff resembles that of FF then it will be confirmed that F is dominant over f.
According to the given condition, the dominant trait (F) is increasing in the population and the recessive one is reducing. Thus, individuals with FF will be highest (60%), followed by Ff (30%). ff proportion in the population is lowest (10%). This makes the ratio as 6:3:1 which proves the evolution of the population with a high percentage of the dominant allele.
Note: The given question is incomplete but your expected question probably be like this, “Expected question: You have collected data on the observed genotype frequencies of the next generation. they are 60% FF, 30% Ff, and 10% ff. Based on these observations and your expectations, is this trait currently evolving in this population? Why or why not?”
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True or False: The earth's surface has stayed the same for thousands of years.
Answers
Answer:
false it keeps changing due to volcanic activities and such other activities
Answer:
False
Explanation:
it keeps changing due to volcanic activities
If DNA were not packed into X-shaped chromosomes, ______.
a. it would be easier to separate strands of DNA into daughter cells
b. they would look like Y chromosomes
c. the distribution of genetic material into separate daughter cells may not occur equitably
d. it would not take as long for mitosis and meiosis to occur
Answers
Answer:
c. the distribution of genetic material into separate daughter cells may not occur equitably
Explanation:
Deoxyribonucleic acid, also known as DNA, is the genetic material in living organisms. It is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. The DNA is, however, found to be wrapped around certain proteins to form an X-shaped CHROMOSOME structure during the process of cell division (mitosis and meiosis).
The purpose of this shape is to ensure that the daughter cells that results from cellular division processes receives an equal copy of the DNA in each chromosome. Hence, If DNA were not packed into X-shaped chromosomes, the distribution of genetic material (DNA) into separate daughter cells may not occur equitably/equally.
when more than one gene controls a trait and the result is often a continuum (gradient) of phenotypes rather only two distinctive options this is called what?
Answers
when more than one gene controls a trait and the result is often a continuum (gradient) of phenotypes rather only two distinctive options this is called Polygenic Trait.
A Polygenic Trait that is influenced by two or more genes, such as height or skin tone, is referred to as a polygenic trait and Polygenic Trait characteristics of phenotypes do not follow the laws of Mendelian inheritance since several genes are involved. Polygenic Trait inheritance refers to the regulation of a characteristic by more than one gene in which the dominant allele of each gene expresses just a portion of the Polygenic Trait and the whole phenotype is only produced in the presence of the dominant alleles of all multiple genes.
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which of these is a direct consequence of air pollution on human health A. bioremediation B. respiratory illness C. damaged hearing D. high blood pressure
Answers
Answer:
B. respiratory illness
Explanation:
Air pollution causes humans to breathe unhealthy air which can lead to respiratory illnesses.
Lymphatic pathways begin as lymphatic _____ that merge to form lymphatic collecting vessels. Lymph drainage from collecting ducts enters the _____ veins. Once tissue (interstitial) fluid is inside a lymphatic capillary, the fluid is called _____ Lymphatic vessels contain _____that help prevent the backflow of lymph. Lymphatic vessels usually lead to lymph _____ that filter the fluid being transported. The _____duct is the larger and longer of the two lymphatic collecting ducts.
Answers
Lymphatic pathways begin as lymphatic capillaries that merge to form lymphatic collecting vessels.
Lymph drainage from collecting ducts enters the subclavian veins.
Once tissue (interstitial) fluid is inside a lymphatic capillary, the fluid is called lymph.
Lymphatic vessels contain valves that help prevent the backflow of lymph.
Lymphatic vessels usually lead to lymph nodes that filter the fluid being transported.
The thoracic duct is the larger and longer of the two lymphatic collecting ducts.
The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and tissues responsible for filtering and returning interstitial fluid and proteins to the bloodstream.
Lymphatic capillaries are found throughout the body, and they join together to form larger lymphatic vessels that ultimately lead to the lymph nodes.
Lymph nodes are specialized structures that filter lymph, removing foreign particles such as bacteria and cancer cells. Once filtered, the lymph is returned to the bloodstream via the subclavian veins.
The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in immune function and is important in maintaining fluid balance in the body.
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A statue and a coin are made out of exactly the same materials. Which property will likely be the same for both the statue and the coin?
Answers
Answer:
The property they share will be density
Hope this helps
A statue and a coin are made out of exactly the same materials. A physical property can be observed or measured without changing the identity of a substance.
What is a chemical property of an object?The change of one type of matter into another type is a chemical property.
Examples of chemical properties include flammability, toxicity, acidity, reactivity (many types), and heat of combustion.
Thus, A physical property can be observed or measured without changing the identity of a substance.
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an individual bird might sacrifice itself to a predator in order to help save the flock. this is an example of:
Answers
An individual bird might sacrifice itself to a predator in order to help save the flock. This is an example ofIt is an example of Kin Selection.
A predator is an animal that eats another animal. Context: Hawks and coyotes both consume small rodents; they are predators. Prey: animals that might be killed and eaten by different animals. Context: Rabbits and crickets are both eaten by larger animals; they're prey.
Even though people may be attacked by many styles of non-human animals, man-eaters are those that have included human flesh in their standard food plan and actively hunt and kill human beings.
Despite the fact that they cover it in the back of fascinating and misleading facades, Emotional Predators usually ruthlessly use others to get what they want.
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Are genetic mutations avoidable? Explain.
Answers
Answer:
Mutations happen in our cells all the time. It's actually how all humans grow and change. The vast majority of mutations are harmless. Thus, they aren't avoidable.
Mutations occur in our cells all the time. It's how all humans grow and transform. The vast bulk of mutations is harmless. Therefore, they aren't avoidable.
What are Genetic Mutations?
The permanent transmissible difference in the genetic material. An individual exhibiting such a transformation. A point mutation is a mutation resulting from a modification in a single bottom pair in the DNA molecule.
Any alteration in a nucleotide succession of DNA is called a mutation. Chromosomal, dependent, and gene mutations are some of the illustrations of different kinds of genetic mutations.
So, Therefore, They aren't avoidable.
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