how many electrons must hte atoms of the elements below share with other atoms in covalent bonding to achieve an octet of electrons?

Answer:

It can lose it's electrion

Explanation:

The enthalpy change, ΔH, for the reaction X(s)+H2O(l)→X(aq) per mole of X is approximately 52.4 kJ/mol.

We can calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction per mole of X as follows:
Enthalpy change (ΔH) = mcΔT
Where,
m is the mass of the water
c is the specific heat capacity of the solution
ΔT is the change in temperature

To calculate the enthalpy change (ΔH) for the reaction per mole of X, we need to first determine the amount of heat absorbed by the water and then find the moles of X.

1. Calculate the mass of water (m_water) using its density and volume:
m_water = density × volume = 1.00 g/mL × 26.0 mL = 26.0 g

2. Calculate the heat absorbed by the water (q_water) using the specific heat formula:
q_water = m_water × specific heat × ΔT = 26.0 g × 4.18 J/(g⋅∘C) × (28.0°C - 13.5°C) = 26.0 g × 4.18 J/(g⋅∘C) × 14.5°C = 1579.74 J

3. Calculate the moles of X (n_X):
n_X = mass / molar mass = 1.90 g / 63.0 g/mol = 0.03016 mol

4. Calculate the enthalpy change per mole of X (ΔH):
ΔH = q_water / n_X = 1579.74 J / 0.03016 mol = 52374.37 J/mol ≈ 52.4 kJ/mol

So, the enthalpy change for the reaction per mole of X is approximately 52.4 kJ/mol.

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Answer:

It should be "B"

Explanation:

:) :) :) :) :) :)

Stoichiometrically, the mole ratio of C3H8 to O2 to CO2 to H2O is 1:5:3:4.

According to the equation, the mole ratio of C3H8 to O2 is 1:5. This means that 1 mole of C3H8 will require 5 moles of O2 for complete reaction.

Also, 1 mole of C3H8 when completely burned in 5 moles O2, will produce 3 moles of CO2 and 4 moles of H2O.

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Given the number of moles of carbon in the compound is 0.074 and the number of moles of oxygen is 0.148 moles. Convert these numbers to whole number ratios we get the empirical formula of the compound as CO₂.

The empirical formula of a compound is derived from the number of moles of the constituent elements of the compound. The mole ratio of the elements give  the subscripts in the formula.

Given,

number of moles of carbon in the compound = 0.074 moles

number of moles of oxygen = 0.148 moles

mole ratio of C to O is 0.074 : 0.148.

Divide both numbers by 0.074 to get whole numbers. we will obtain 1:2.

Hence, carbon and oxygen are in the ratio of  1:2 and the formula of the compound is CO₂.

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Answer:  " 145,000 g " .

________________________

Explanation:

________________________

To solve:  Let's use a technique known as "dimensional analysis"

_____________________

\(\frac{287.34 g}{mol}\) * ( 537 mol)  = ? g ;

______________________

Note:  "g" stands for "grams" ;

______________________

The units of "mol" ["mole(s)"] on the "left-hand side of the equation"

                               →  "cancel out" ;  {since: "mol/mol" = 1 "} ;

_________________

And we have:

(287.34 * 537) g ;

________________

Using a calculator, we do the multiplication to get:

________________

  154301.58 g ;  We round this to 3 (three) significant figures;

since:  (287.34 * 537) g ;  the limiting number with the "least number of significant figure" is "537" ; which has 3 (three) significant figures;

_______________

As such:

We have 154301.58 g ;

_______________

We round this to 145,000 g ; since:

"154" are the first 3 (three) significant figures in our value:

 " 154301.58" ;  and the next significant figure, "3" ; is less than "5" ;

If the next significant figure were "0, 1, 2, 3, or 4" ; we  would round down to: 145,000 g; such as in our case.  If the next significant figure were "5, 6, 7, 8, or 9" , we would round up to: 146,000 g .

__________________

The correct answer is:  " 145,000 g ."

The mass of one mole of the new drug is 287.37 g. Then the mass of 537 moles of the drug is its molar mass times the number of moles, that is 154301 g.

Molar mass of a compound is the mass of one mole of the compound. One mole of every compound contains 6.022 × 10²³ molecules. This number is called Avogadro number.

One mole of every elements contains Avogadro number of atoms. Similarly one mole of every compound contains Avogadro number of molecules. The mass of the compound containing these much molecules is called its molar mass.

Given that the molar mass of the drug = 287.34 g/mol

number of moles produced = 537 moles.

mass of 537 moles of drug = 537 mol  × 287.34 g/mol = 154301 g

Therefore, the mass of 537 moles of the drug is 154301 g

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Answer:

centrioles

Explanation:

i learned this a few yrs back. hope it helps! :)

The mobility of a chloride ion in aqueous solution at 25°C is \(7.91 \times 10^{-8} m^2 s^{-1} V^{-1}\), representing how quickly the ion moves through the solution under an electric field.

The mobility of a chloride ion in aqueous solution at 25°C is \(7.91 \times 10^{-8} m^2 s^{-1} V^{-1}.\)

Mobility is a measure of how quickly an ion moves through a solution under the influence of an electric field. It is typically measured in units of square meters per second per volt \((m^2 s^{-1} V^{-1})\).

The mobility of a chloride ion in aqueous solution can be influenced by factors such as temperature, concentration, and the presence of other ions or solutes in the solution. At 25°C, the value given\((7.91 \times 10^{-8} m^2 s^{-1} V^{-1})\) represents the average mobility of a chloride ion in aqueous solution at that temperature.

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Answer: The chemical equation you have listed is nonane. However, I have inculded a screen shot that explains what each aswer option is so you can verify.

Explanation:

Answer:

Mass, temperature, and phase.

I think temperature because the higher the temperature of a given quantity of a substance, more is its thermal energy. Similarly, for the same temperature, higher mass of a substance will contain more thermal energy.

Answer: A

Explanation:

The charge-to-mass ratio of electrons is always the same constant, no matter which substances are used in the cathode ray tube.

Explanation:

So, from this, we can conclude that the charge-to-mass ratio of electrons is always the same constant, no matter which substances are used in the cathode ray tube describes Thomson's conclusion that electrons are present in all atoms.

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Acetone to formaldehyde, formaldehyde to acetone. Methyl magnesium bromide is used to cure formaldehyde in the presence of dry ether, producing ethanol after acid hydrolysis and isopropyl alcohol.

Thus, Acetaldehyde is produced when ethanol is heated with copper at 373 K and is oxidized. Isopropyl alcohol is produced by treating acetaldehyde with methyl magnesium bromide while dry ether is present.

Acet is produced when isopropyl alcohol is heated with copper at 373 kelvin.

In 2010, around 6.7 million tonnes were manufactured globally, primarily for use as a solvent and for the synthesis of bisphenol A and methyl methacrylate, which are precursors to common isopropyl alcohol.

Thus, Acetone to formaldehyde, formaldehyde to acetone. Methyl magnesium bromide is used to cure formaldehyde in the presence of dry ether, producing ethanol after acid hydrolysis and isopropyl alcohol.

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We first verify that the equation is balanced. We have 5 carbons (C), 2 sulfurs (S), and 4 oxygens (O) on each side of the reaction. So the reaction is balanced.

a) Now if we look at the reaction we can see that when 2 moles of SO2 react, 1 mole of CS2 is produced. That is, the ratio is 2 to 1. For each mole of SO2 half as many moles of CS2 will be produced.

So if we have 9.5 moles of SO2 we will have 9.5/2 moles, that is 4.75 moles of CS2.

Answer a) By reacting 9.50 moles of SO2 with an excess of it would be produced 4.75 moles of CS2.

Now, for the following parts of the question, we can apply the ideal gas law. This is because the reaction is in the gas phase and the law applies only to gases.

Where,

P= Pressure at STP = 1 atm

T= Temperature at STP = 273.15K

R= Ideal law constant = 0.08206 (atm L)/(mol K)

V= Volume of the gas

n= Numer of moles

b)We clear n and we replace the known values of SO2 to find the number of moles of SO2 that react.

Now, for each mole of SO2 that reacts we need 5/2 moles of C, that is 0.24x5/2=0.61 moles of C.

We use mass molar of C to calculate the grams.

Mass molar of C=12.01g/mol

Mass of C= Moles of C x Mass Molar

Mass of C= 0.61 mol x 12.01 g/mol = 7.37 g

So, To fully react 5.5 L of SO2 at STP we will need 7.37 g of C.

c)We apply the gas law again but this time we clear the volume.

We also take into account that for each mole of C, 4 moles of CO are produced, so if we have 20 moles of C we will produce 20x4=80 moles of CO.

So, from 20.0 moles of C at STP can be produced 1793.18 liters of CO

The concentration of stock solution is 15.2 M if You have 450.80 mL of 0.86 M dilute solution that was prepared with 25.50 of stock solution.

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The effective multiplication factor of a reactor is 0.94. a) reactivity =0.0638, b)k=1

What is reactivity ?

responsiveness as a quality or state. Chemistry. the similarity between one atom, molecule, or radical's capacity to chemically interact with another atom, molecule, or substance.

Reactor: What is it?

Reactor: A container or piece of machinery utilised in chemical engineering to carry out chemical reactions for study or manufacturing.

(a) The multiplicative efficiency is k=0.94.

Rho = frac k-1 k = -0.0638 is the reactivity.

(b) K = 1, meaning that the reactor must have a higher core reactivity in order to reach criticality.

Consequently, k=0.94 is the actual multiplication factor.

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Answer: the answer is molecules

A molecule is the smallest particle of a covalent compound that still has the properties of the compound.

Answer:

Hope it help you

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Explanation:

When the Moon blocks a certain part, it is known as a partial solar eclipse. This causes the day to turn dark and during the eclipse, it is not considered safe to look at the sun without protective gear on.

REAL NAME - SHRESTH DUBEY

Answer:

An intermolecular force is the force of attraction or repulsion which act between neighboring particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Whereas the covalent bonds are the interatomic linkage that results from the sharing of an electron pair between two atoms.

Intermolecular forces hold molecules together in a liquid or solid. Intermolecular forces are generally much weaker than covalent bonds.

Answer:

Everyone wearing warm clothes.

Everyone with their cheeks red.

Everyone eating or drinking hot food

Answer:

Hi

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Thanks

Explanation:

Correct answer is D

Energy A

Look at this

Energy required to break bonds that is intermolecular forces

An example of how engineers have contributed to society is option D. The seven-mile bridge that spans across the Gulf of Mexico to connect two cities of the Florida Keys.

It is an example of how engineers have contributed to society. Engineers played a crucial role in designing, planning, and constructing the bridge, which provides an essential transportation link between the two cities.

The bridge enables efficient and safe travel, connecting communities, promoting economic development, and improving accessibility for residents and visitors. Engineering expertise is necessary to address various challenges such as designing a structure capable of withstanding environmental conditions, ensuring structural integrity, and incorporating appropriate safety measures.

This example showcases how engineers contribute to society by creating infrastructure that enhances connectivity and supports the growth and well-being of communities. The correct answer is option d.

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Both lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen of methanol reside in sp3 orbitals. They are not co-planar with the hydrogen and the group.

In methanol, the oxygen atom is bonded to a single carbon atom and one hydrogen atom. Oxygen is a group 6 element and has 6 valence electrons. In the Lewis structure of methanol, it forms one single bond with the carbon atom and one single bond with the hydrogen atom, which means it has 2 lone pairs of electrons remaining.

The orbitals in which these lone pairs of electrons reside are known as hybrid orbitals. In the case of the oxygen atom in methanol, the lone pairs of electrons are in hybridized sp3 orbitals. This is because the oxygen atom has four orbitals available for bonding:

To form four sigma bonds with other atoms, these four orbitals are hybridized to form four sp3 hybrid orbitals. These hybrid orbitals are arranged in a tetrahedral shape around the oxygen atom.

Regarding the co-planarity of the hydrogen and the group, the hybridized sp3 orbitals form a tetrahedral arrangement around the oxygen atom, which means that the orbitals are not co-planar with the hydrogen and the group.

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If you encounter a liquid chlorine leak in a one-ton container, the first action you should take to reduce the severity of the leak is (b) Spray the container with water.

The correct action to take first to reduce the severity of a liquid chlorine leak in a one-ton container is to spray the container with water. This helps to disperse the chlorine and reduce its concentration in the air. Option a, applying a caustic solution, may react with the chlorine and create a more hazardous situation. Option c, spraying with an ammonia solution, can create toxic fumes. Option d, rotating the container, may cause the leak to spread to other areas. In the event of a spill or leak, immediately put on escape-type respirator and exit the area. Immediately report leaks, spills or failures of the safety equipment (e.g., ventilation system). Secure the cylinder in an upright position.

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The density of gas can change, in contrast to the density of solids or liquids. This is due to the fact that gas is not compact and that temperature and pressure have an impact on its molecules.

The formula is d = MP/RT, where d is the gas's density in kilograms per liter, M is its molar mass in grams per mole, P is its pressure in atmospheric pressure units, and R is the gas law constant. The equation demonstrates that the molar mass increases as gas density increases. The pressure and temperature parameters for the gas determine the gas's density. Gas can dramatically alter its volume with a change in pressure due to its strong compressibility. Therefore, changes in density (at low pressure) can be substantial.

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0.3846 liters of water are needed to dissolve 0.250 moles of \(MgF_{2}\) to make a 0.65 molar solution.

To calculate the volume of water required to dissolve 0.250 moles of \(MgF_{2}\) to make a 0.65 molar solution, we need to use the formula:

Moles of solute divided by the litres of solution equals molarity.

This formula can be changed to account for the volume of the solution:

Volume of solution (in liters) = moles of solute / Molarity

First, let's calculate the number of moles of \(MgF_{2}\) required for the solution:

moles of \(MgF_{2}\) = Molarity x volume of solution in liters

moles of \(MgF_{2}\) = 0.65 x volume of solution in liters

moles of \(MgF_{2}\) = 0.65 x V

We know that we need to dissolve 0.250 moles of \(MgF_{2}\), so we can set this equal to the calculated value above:

0.250 = 0.65 x V

Solving for V:

V = 0.250 / 0.65

V = 0.3846 liters

Therefore, we need 0.3846 liters of solution to dissolve 0.250 moles of \(MgF_{2}\) to make a 0.65 molar solution. To determine the volume of water needed, we subtract the volume of \(MgF_{2}\) from the total volume of solution:

Volume of water = Total volume of solution - Volume of \(MgF_{2}\)

Volume of water = 0.3846 L - 0 L (since \(MgF_{2}\) is a solid and does not contribute to the volume of the solution)

Volume of water = 0.3846 L

Therefore, we need 0.3846 liters of water to dissolve 0.250 moles of \(MgF_{2}\) to make a 0.65 molar solution.

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Elements in order of decreasing atomic radius are He, Li, B, N


Atomic radius is the distance from the center of an atom to its outermost electron shell. Generally, atomic radius decreases from left to right across a period (horizontal row) on the periodic table, and increases from top to bottom within a group (vertical column).

So, in the given list:

- He has the largest atomic radius because it is the topmost element in the list and has only two electrons in its first (and only) energy level.
- Li has the second largest atomic radius because it is the next element in the list and has three electrons in its first energy level.
- B has a smaller atomic radius than Li because it has more protons (and a stronger nuclear charge) that pull the electrons closer to the nucleus, making the atom smaller.
- N has the smallest atomic radius in the list because it is the most electronegative element among them and has a strong attraction for electrons, resulting in a smaller atomic radius.

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Answer:

2.1 x 10¹²ng

Explanation:

Mass of the calcium carbonate given is:

                    2.1kg  

We need to take this mass to nanogram, ng.

Since :

               1000g  = 1kg

           10⁹g  = 1ng

So;

          1kg  = 1000 x 10⁹ = 10¹²ng

So;

      2.1kg   will give;

                Since

              1kg  gives 10¹²ng

             2.1kg will give 2.1 x 10¹²ng

The LD50 (Lethal Dose 50) is a measure used in toxicology to determine the lethal dose of a substance that would cause death in 50% of the test population.

However, it is important to note that conducting experiments to determine the LD50 of a substance on humans is unethical and illegal. The LD50 values are typically determined through animal testing, usually on rodents such as rats or mice.To calculate the amount of a substance that would harm a person of a certain weight, various factors need to be considered, including the toxicity of the substance and the individual's weight. In toxicology, a commonly used measure is the oral median lethal dose (LD50) expressed as milligrams per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg).To estimate the harmful dose for an individual of a certain weight, you would need to know the LD50 value of the substance and apply it to the weight of the person. The calculation involves multiplying the LD50 value by the person's weight in kilograms. However, it is crucial to emphasize that estimating harmful doses for humans based on animal LD50 values alone can be inaccurate and potentially dangerous.

It is essential to consult professionals in toxicology or poison control centers to obtain accurate information regarding the toxicity of a substance and its potential effects on human health.

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