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In the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate the compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This is done through a process called anaerobic respiration or fermentation, which allows cells to produce energy without the presence of oxygen.

In the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate ATP (adenosine triphosphate). This process is known as anaerobic respiration, which occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. An anaerobic pathway used to regenerate ATP is called fermentation. During fermentation, glucose is partially broken down to produce ATP. There are two types of fermentation:

lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells when there is not enough oxygen to sustain aerobic respiration. During lactic acid fermentation, glucose is converted into pyruvate and then into lactic acid. This process produces a small amount of ATP, which can be used to sustain muscle contractions during short periods of strenuous activity.

Alcoholic fermentation occurs in yeast and some bacteria. During alcoholic fermentation, glucose is converted into pyruvate and then into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This process produces a small amount of ATP, which can be used to sustain cellular processes in the absence of oxygen.

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Answer:

I believe the answer is B. They speed up the chemical reactions in cells.

Let me know if I'm wrong, pls. :)

Answer:

An observation is when you gather facts through observation, questioning, or studying. An experiment is the process of using an independent and dependent variable to test a hypothesis.

Investigation:

Benefits:

• Can be less costly and time-consuming compared to experiments

• Can provide a broader range of information

• Can lead to new hypotheses

Limitations:

• May not provide a cause-and-effect relationship

• Cannot control variables like in an experiment

• May have biased or incomplete data

Experiment:

Benefits:

• Can establish cause-and-effect relationships

• Can control variables for accurate results

• Can be replicated for reliability

Limitations:

• May not apply to real-world situations

• May be costly and time-consuming

• May not account for all variables

Microorganisms are small living organisms that can only be seen through a microscope.

The four types of human pathogens that can cause infectious disease are bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

Diseases can spread through direct contact with an infected person, through contact with contaminated objects or surfaces, through the air, through insect bites, and through contaminated food or water.

The immune system is responsible for protecting the body from pathogens and foreign substances.

An immune response happens when cells and fluids in the body react to the presence of a pathogen.

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in the immune response.

T cells recognize and destroy infected cells and help coordinate the immune response. B cells produce antibodies that target specific pathogens.

Respiratory: pneumonia, tuberculosis

Digestive: cholera, E. coli infection

Nervous: meningitis, encephalitis

Circulatory: influenza, malaria

Musculoskeletal: arthritis, Lyme disease

Antibiotics are chemicals that kill bacteria or slow their growth without harming the human body.

Washing hands frequently, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and getting vaccinated are some of the best ways to avoid getting bacterial and viral infections.

Noninfectious diseases are not caused by pathogens and cannot be spread from person to person. People can get them from genetic factors, lifestyle choices, and environmental factors.

When something is hereditary, it’s determined by genetic factors and able to be passed from parents to their offspring.

Some examples of inherited traits include eye color, hair color, and height.

Cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease, and sickle cell anemia are examples of genetic disorders.

Allergies, asthma, high blood pressure, and heart disease are examples of conditions caused by lifestyle or environmental factors.

Viruses are hard to treat because they use the host's cells to replicate and spread, making it difficult to target them without harming healthy cells.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can be both good and bad. Some bacteria are necessary for human health, while others can cause disease.

Fungi can appear in two forms: as single cells (yeasts) or as multicellular organisms (molds).

Examples of parasites include tapeworms, malaria parasites, and lice.

Diseases can spread through direct contact, airborne particles, contaminated food or water, and insect bites.

Explanation:

06.05 Infections and Health Guided Notes

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Abiotic factors can cause harmful effects such as acid rain when too much is releadein to the atmosphere are Carbon, and Sulfur.

Acid deposition, often known as acid rain, is a general name for any type of precipitation that contains acidic elements, such as sulfuric or nitric acid, which falls to the ground from the atmosphere in wet or dry forms. This can apply to rain, snow, fog, hail, and even corrosive dust. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) that are released into the atmosphere and carried by air currents and wind result in acid rain. Water, oxygen, and other molecules react with the SO2 and NOX to generate sulfuric and nitric acids. While some of the SO2 and NOX that create acid rain come from natural sources like volcanoes, the majority of it is produced by burning fossil fuels.

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C. Archaea and Bacteria

Archaea and Bacteria are categorized into the domains of prokaryotic organisms, hence option C is correct.

There are three domains of the life the Archaea, the Bacteria, and the Eukarya, in which Archaea and Bacteria belong to prokaryotic cells but eukaryotic cells belong to the Eukarya domain.

Prokaryotic organisms include the organism's absence of a nuclear membrane and not having well-defined cell organelle, this includes bacteria. It is a unicellular organism having an asexual mode of reproduction.

The Eukarya domain includes the eucaryotic cells having a true nuclear membrane, this domain includes all the eukaryote plants the human beings.

Therefore,  Archaea and Bacteria is the correct option.

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(1) as organic molecules in living and dead organisms found in the biosphere

(2) as organic matter in soils

(3) in the lithosphere as fossil fuels and sedimentary rock deposits

The most important element of Pasteur's experimental design was the use of a swan-necked flask to prevent microbial contamination.

In Pasteur's experiment, he designed a swan-necked flask that allowed air to enter but prevented dust and microorganisms from reaching the sterile broth inside. This design effectively isolated the broth from any potential contamination. By observing that no growth of microorganisms occurred in the broth over an extended period, Pasteur provided evidence against the spontaneous generation hypothesis. This crucial element of his experimental design demonstrated that living cells did not arise from nonliving material but instead originated from preexisting cells.

The use of the swan-necked flask was essential because it showed that the presence of airborne microorganisms was responsible for contamination, and their exclusion resulted in the absence of microbial growth. This aspect of Pasteur's experimental design provided strong support for the alternative hypothesis that all cells come from preexisting cells, ultimately leading to the rejection of spontaneous generation.

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The double-stranded DNA molecules that would likely require the lowest temperature in PCR are those with fewer hydrogen bonds, which would have lower stability.

In PCR, the temperature of the reaction mixture is altered to promote the denaturation (separation) of double-stranded DNA into single strands. Then, the temperature is lowered to allow for the binding of primers to the single strands, followed by DNA synthesis. The cycle is repeated multiple times to amplify the target DNA. Therefore, the double-stranded DNA molecules with fewer hydrogen bonds would require lower temperatures to separate into single strands, and thus, they would be easier to denature.

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Answer:

2.

Explanation:

Precipitation is the event of water falling down onto Earth in any form, this could be as followed:

In this diagram, we see that number 2 is an event of water falling down onto Earth, therefore making it our answer.

The label on the animal cells for each organelle is attached below.

Cell membrane: The cell membrane is the outer layer of the cell. It protects the cell from its surroundings and controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum: The rough endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranous sacs that are dotted with ribosomes. The ribosomes are responsible for making proteins.

Ribosome: Ribosomes are small organelles that are responsible for making proteins. They are found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Golgi apparatus: The Golgi apparatus is a stack of flattened sacs that are involved in processing and packaging proteins.

Mitochondrion: The mitochondrion is the "powerhouse" of the cell. It produces energy in the form of ATP.

Centrosome: The centrosome is a small structure that contains two centrioles. The centrioles are involved in cell division.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranous sacs that are not dotted with ribosomes. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in a variety of functions, including lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Nucleus: The nucleus is the control center of the cell. It contains the cell's DNA, which is the genetic material.

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It binds to ribosome-free mRna

The characteristic of the lysogenic cycle is Viral DNA takes over the host cell, making new viruses that burst out of the cell. The correct option is a.

Although viruses are inanimate objects, they become alive and start to divide and develop when they infect a living host.

Viruses are pathogens that spread throughout their host and infect it. Others emerge from the host cell once they have infected one host and spread to the other hosts.

Thus, the correct option is a. Viral DNA takes over the host cell, making new viruses that burst out of the cell.

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Answer:

Brain:

The brain integrates sensory information and directs motor responses in higher vertebrates. It is also the center of learning.

Nerve:

The nerve is a bundle of fibers that uses electrical and chemical signals to transmit sensory and motor information from one part of the body to another.

Spinal cord:

The spinal cord consists of nerves that carry the incoming and outgoing messages between the brain and the rest of the body.

Explanation:

The answers are above.

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Answer:

Predators are an important part of a healthy ecosystem. Predators remove vulnerable prey, such as the old, injured, sick, or very young, leaving more food for the survival and success of healthy prey animals. Also, by controlling the size of prey populations, predators help slow down the spread of disease.

General Biology 2 is a subject typically taught in Grade 12 as part of the high school curriculum. It is designed to provide students with a deeper understanding of biological concepts and principles building upon the foundational knowledge gained in General Biology 1 or introductory biology courses.

General Biology 2 focuses on various topics related to living organisms and their interactions with the environment. The subject typically covers more advanced concepts in areas such as genetics, evolution, ecology, and human biology. Students delve into the intricacies of cellular processes, molecular genetics, inheritance patterns, population dynamics, and the interrelationships between organisms and their ecosystems.

The course often includes both theoretical knowledge and practical applications. Students may engage in laboratory experiments, data analysis, and scientific inquiry to reinforce their understanding of biological concepts. They may also explore case studies and real-life examples to examine the relevance of biology in everyday life and current scientific advancements.

General Biology 2 aims to enhance students' critical thinking, problem-solving, and analytical skills, as they learn to apply biological principles to real-world scenarios. The subject provides a foundation for further studies in biology, life sciences, or related fields at the college or university level.

Overall, General Biology 2 in Grade 12 serves as a continuation of the exploration of the fundamental principles of biology, fostering a deeper understanding of the complexities of life and the natural world. It prepares students for advanced studies in biology and helps them develop a broader perspective on the diversity and interconnectedness of living organisms.

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There are no cells in viruses. The genetic material they possess is shielded by a protein sheath (either DNA or RNA).

Nucleic acid (the genome) and protein are the two primary components of infectious viral particles. All viruses that have an envelope also have lipid in the envelope and carbohydrates in their glycoprotein peplomers (as well as that in the nucleic acid).

In virology, viruses choose a protective protein coat over the cell walls that certain living things have in place of the nucleic acid. This kind of covering is known as a capsid.

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Answer:

four spermatozoa

Explanation:

The primary spermatocyte undergoes a series of meiosis I and II to form four spermatids. The spermatids go under a differentiation process to form 4 spermatozoa :))

Explanation:

fishes like Fish like angelfish, neon tetras, discus, and common algae eating catfish live in temperate forests

The reaction center chlorophyll of photosystem I transfers its excited electrons through a series of carriers to ferrodoxin, a small protein on the stromal side of the thylakoid membrane. The enzyme NADP reductase then transfers electrons from ferrodoxin to NADP+, generating NADPH.

The four electrons and the four protons originate from two water molecules. The excited chlorophyll electrons are transferred from the electron acceptors of photosystem II to photosystem I through an electron transport chain.

The functional components of photosynthesis are called photosystems, and they are identified by specific pigment organisation and association patterns. Photosystems are responsible for absorbing and transferring light energy, which implies transferring electrons. The thylakoid membranes contain photosystems in terms of physical location.

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Answer:

broo this arent even questions. just say yes

Explanation:

Use iodine.

Iodine solution makes the sample you want to study of microscopic organism more visible.

Answer:

the answer is 0.7%

of concentration of an isotonic solution

Answer:A - NH2

Explanation:

The part of an amino acid has the greatest influence on the overall structure of a protein is the R group.

Conclusively, we can say that the part of an amino acid has the greatest influence on the overall structure of a protein is the R group.

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The thermostat in a house uses a negative feedback system to regulate the temperature inside the house. A negative feedback system is a type of control system that operates by comparing a desired setpoint with the current temperature and making adjustments to return the temperature to the setpoint.

There is a setpoint on a thermostat in a home, which is the preferred temperature. The thermostat continuously measures the indoor temperature and assesses it against the setpoint. The thermostat instructs the heating system to turn on and increase the temperature if the indoor temperature is too low. The thermostat activates the cooling system and lowers the temperature if the indoor temperature is too high.

As it operates by reversing the direction of temperature change, this continual process of measuring, comparing, and adjusting the temperature is an illustration of negative feedback. In other words, the thermostat will react by making adjustments that lessen the amount of the deviation if the temperature begins to wander from the setpoint.

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Answer:

True

Explanation:

Answer:

True

Explanation:

Answer:

B

Explanation:

B is the correct answer. A molecule is made up of at least two atoms, but not nessessarily with the same element. A compound is made up of two or more atoms AND there are at least two different elements. Therefore, a molecule can be a compound if it has two different elements, or a chemical substance if it has only one type of element.

* By the way, elements are from the Periodic Table

Or you can use the process of elimination to rule out A, C, and D, if it's too confusing. C is not true because not all elements exists as molecules. They exist as atoms. D is not true because when two atoms combine, they always form a molecule, not a compound.  A is not true because a compound IS a molecule, while a molecule CAN BE a compound.

The texture of the marrow from the chicken bone is spongy and soft in most scenario.

This is defined as the appearance and features of a substance when they are felt through our sense of touch.

Bone marrow contain different types of blood cells which gives it unique red and spongy appearance.

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As CO2 concentrations increase in the atmosphere, the role of plant respiration becomes more important to understand. Respiration in plants is a process where they release CO2 as a byproduct of breaking down carbohydrates for energy.

In the case of the sagebrush plant in Wyoming, the respiration rate is measured in micromoles of CO2 lost per square meter per second, indicated by the negative numbers in the table.

The data collected from the leaf enclosed in a chamber also includes temperature values as the leaves are heated or cooled during measurements. This information is crucial because respiration rates in plants can be influenced by temperature. As temperature increases, respiration rates generally increase as well, releasing more CO2 into the atmosphere.

In conclusion, understanding plant respiration and its contribution to atmospheric CO2 concentrations is essential, especially in the context of increasing levels due to fossil fuel combustion. Studying the effects of temperature on respiration rates, such as in the sagebrush plant from Wyoming, can help biologists better comprehend the relationship between plant respiration and global CO2 levels.

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