g Explain how a differential pressure sensor is used to measure volume flow rate of a fluid through an orifice.
Answers
A differential pressure sensor is used to measure the volume flow rate of a fluid through an orifice by sensing the pressure difference across the orifice. This pressure difference is directly related to the flow rate, allowing for accurate measurement and monitoring of fluid flow in various industrial applications.
When a fluid flows through an orifice, it experiences a constriction that causes an increase in velocity and a decrease in pressure. By placing a differential pressure sensor on either side of the orifice, it can measure the pressure difference, which is directly related to the flow rate.
The differential pressure sensor consists of two pressure sensing elements, one placed upstream and the other downstream of the orifice. These elements detect the respective pressures and provide an output proportional to the pressure difference between them.
Using Bernoulli's equation, the pressure difference is correlated with the flow rate. The equation states that as the fluid velocity increases, the pressure decreases. Therefore, by measuring the pressure difference across the orifice, the flow rate can be determined.
By calibrating the differential pressure sensor and considering the known characteristics of the orifice, such as its size and shape, the volume flow rate can be accurately calculated.
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Related Questions
What role does the president play in developing the federal budget?
A. The president has control over all discretionary spending in the
budget.
B. The president either vetoes the budget and sends it back to
Congress or signs it into law.
C. The president determines which spending programs will be
mandatory.
D. The president decides whether to approve the House or the Senate
spending bill.
Answers
The role a president plays in developing the federal budget is: B. The president either vetoes the budget and sends it back to Congress or signs it into law.
What is a federal budget?A federal budget can be defined as a financial plan that is used by the government for the estimation of the revenue and expenditures of a country, especially for a specified period of time, which is often one year.
This ultimately implies that, federal budgets are usually compiled, analyzed and re-evaluated on periodic basis by the executive or federal government of a country.
Generally, the role of a president in developing the federal budget is to either veto the budget and sends it back to Congress or sign it into law.
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Answer:
Explanation:
B. The president either vetoes the budget and sends it back to
Congress or signs it into law.
Technician A says that reversing the direction of refrigerant (as with a heat pump system) could be done to provide cabin heat. Technician B says that the amount of energy loss from the traditional drive belt and electric clutch A/C system is too high for hybrid and electric vehicles. Who is correct?
Answers
It can be noted that technician B is correct as amount of energy loss from the traditional drive belt and electric clutch A/C system is too high for hybrid and electric vehicles.
What is energy?Energy simply means the property that is transferred to a body.
In this case, Technician A says that reversing the direction of refrigerant as with a heat pump system could be done to provide cabin heat. This is incorrect because this is done to remove heat.
Therefore, the correct person is technician B.
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me that both a triaxial shear test and a direct shear test were performed on a sample of dry sand. When the triaxial test is performed, the specimen was observed to fail when the major and minor principal stresses were 100 lb/in2 and 20 lb/in2, respectively. When the direct shear test is performed, what shear strength can be expected if the normal stress is 3000 lb/ft2
Answers
Answer:
shear strength = 2682.31 Ib/ft^2
Explanation:
major principal stress = 100 Ib / in2
minor principal stress = 20 Ib/in2
Normal stress = 3000 Ib/ft2
Determine the shear strength when direct shear test is performed
To resolve this we will apply the coulomb failure criteria relationship between major and minor principal stress a
for direct shear test
use Mohr Coulomb criteria relation between normal stress and shear stress
Shear strength when normal strength is 3000 Ib/ft = 2682.31 Ib/ft^2
attached below is the detailed solution
A highway has the following pavement design
daily traffic: 300 single axles at 10,000 lb each, 120
single axles at 18,000 lb each, 100 single axles at
23,000 lb each, 100 tandem axles at 32,000 lb each,
30 single axles at 32,000 lb each, and 100 triple axles
at 40,000 lb each. A flexible pavement is designed to
have 4 inches of sand-mix asphalt wearing surface, 6
inches of soil-cement base, and 7 inches of crushed
stone subbase. The pavement has a 10-year design
life, a reliability of 85%, an overall standard
deviation of 0.30, drainage coefficients of 1.0, an
initial PSI of 4.7, and a TSI of 2.5. What is the
minimum acceptable soil resilient modulus?
Answers
Answer:
pay attention in class how about that
Explanation:
thats the answer
in heat mode, which check valve will be in the closed position when operating correctly
Answers
Check valves in heat pumps are utilized to turn off or turn on expansion devices for the heating and cooling modes. The expansion device may have an internal or external check valve integrated into it.
On a heating system, where is the check valve located?There are two of what I believe to be check valves above the boiler where the piping turns horizontal on both loops. They contain arrows that indicate the direction of the flow and a lever that may be moved to indicate either "Open," "Winter," or "Closed."
How do heating valves work?In central heating systems, motorized valves use electricity to send water from the boiler to the appropriate location, which may be the heating circuit for your home's radiators or the cylinder coil for the hot water.
What kinds of heating valves are there?Radiator valves can be divided into three categories based on how they function: Smart, Thermostatic, and Manual.
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if both the ram air input and drain hole of the pitot system become blocked, the indicated airspeed will
Answers
If both the ram air input and drain hole of the pitot system become blocked, the indicated airspeed will: a) increase during a climb.
What is a ram air input?A ram air input can be defined as an air intake system which is designed and developed to use the dynamic air pressure that is created due to vehicular motion, or ram pressure, in order to increase the static air pressure within the intake manifold of an internal combustion engine of an automobile.
This ultimately implies that, a ram air input allows a greater mass-flow of air through the engine of an automobile, thereby, increasing the engine's power.
In conclusion, indicated airspeed will increase during a climb when both the ram air input and drain hole of the pitot system become blocked.
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Complete Question:
If both the ram air input and drain hole of the pitot system become blocked, the indicated airspeed will
a) increase during a climb
b) decrease during a climb
c) remain constant regardless of altitude change
Are you?
Yes
No
omg secret message
Answers
Answer:
are you wht
didn't understand the question
Answer:
Yes/No
Explanation:
NANI?!
4. Which of these is typically NOT a function of the flywheel?
OA. Power transfer to the transmission
OB. Engage the Starter
OC. Smooth out power pulses
OD. Balance the crankshaft
Answers
Answer:D
Explanation:
Option D is correct. Balancing the crankshaft is NOT one of the functions of a flywheel.
A flywheel is part of an automobile. It is a heavy wheel that is attached to a rotating shaft of an automobile. Since there may be the presence of large forces within an automobile structure, the presence of a flywheel helps to balance the force evenly across it.
Some of the functions of the flywheel are but are not limited to help in transferring power to the transmission, engaging the starter, and smoothing out of power pulses.
Hence based on the explanation above, balancing the crankshaft is NOT one of the function of a flywheel.
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Write a function in Matlab that takes as input the number of iterations k, the size n, and a sparse matrix A. Have this function run the Power method for k iterations on an initial guess the vector of 1’s and output the dominant eigenvalue and its corresponding eigenvector. Use only basic programming.
Write out or print out your function.
Answers
The Power method in MATLAB iteratively applies matrix-vector multiplications to estimate the dominant eigenvalue and eigenvector of a sparse matrix A.
How does the Power method in MATLAB calculate the dominant eigenvalue and eigenvector of a sparse matrix A?Here's an example of a MATLAB function that implements the Power method:
function [dominantEigenvalue, dominantEigenvector] = powerMethod(k, n, A)
% Initialize the initial guess vector
x = ones(n, 1);
% Perform the Power method for k iterations
for i = 1:k
% Update the vector using matrix-vector multiplication
x = A * x;
% Normalize the vector
x = x / norm(x);
end
% Compute the dominant eigenvalue using Rayleigh quotient
dominantEigenvalue = (x' * A * x) / (x' * x);
% Set the dominant eigenvector
dominantEigenvector = x;
end
To use this function, you can call it with the desired number of iterations (`k`), the size of the matrix (`n`), and the sparse matrix (`A`) as inputs. It will return the dominant eigenvalue (`dominantEigenvalue`) and its corresponding eigenvector (`dominantEigenvector`).
Note that this implementation assumes that the matrix `A` is a square sparse matrix and the initial guess is a vector of 1's. You may need to modify the function according to your specific requirements, such as handling different initial guesses or adding error checking for input validity.
You can use the `disp` function to print out the results within the function or display them outside of the function as per your needs.
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Why is the reasoning important when you make a scientific argument?
Answers
A chain fall locks it’s elevated load is place using
Answers
A chain fall locks it’s elevated load is place using an automatic brake.
A chain fall locks it’s elevated load is place using an automatic brake.
What is automatic brake?Automatic emergency braking (AEB) is a safety feature that may detect when a collision is likely to happen and automatically apply the brakes to either slow down the vehicle before impact or stop it altogether to prevent a collision.
Additionally, it found that injuries from these incidents decreased by 56%. Reverse automated braking systems have been associated with a 78% reduction in crashes when compared to vehicles that merely have a reverse camera.
In general, automatic emergency braking is intended to engage at highway speeds, provided the front collision warning sensors can identify the car in front of them. In towns, newer systems operate at slower rates.
Thus, an automatic brake.
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How do cars moves? and explain Please.
Answers
Answer:
when car vroom it go electric
Explanation:
i think then it goes to some spinny thing that spins and make the electric and the electic spins the spinny thing and the smoke comes outside the back
A jet aircraft is in level flight at an altitude of 30,000 ft with an airspeed of 500 ft/s. The aircraft has a gross weight of 19,815 lb, a wingspan of 53.3 ft, and an average chord length of 6 ft. The Oswald efficiency factor is 0.81 and the zero-lift drag coefficient is equal to 0.02. The jet has two turbofan engines, each producing a maximum thrust of 3,650 lb at sea level.
Required:
a. Create a plot of the drag polar for this aircraft for CL from 0 to 5. Plot CL on the vertical axis, CD on the horizontal axis, and do not include negative CL values.
b. What is the total drag coefficient at the flight condition described above?
c. What is the required thrust for level flight at this altitude in lb?
d. If the pilot runs the engines at maximum thrust, what is the instantaneous rate of climb at this altitude and velocity?
Answers
Answer:
a) attached below
b) 0.0337
c) 2730.206 Ib
d) 2320.338 ft/min
Explanation:
a) Plot of the drag polar for this aircraft
first we will calculate :
Wing area (s) = Wing span (b) * Average chord length(c)
= 53.3 * 6 = 319.8 ft^2
Aspect ratio = b^2 / s = 8.883
K = 1 / \(\pi\)eAR = 1 /
Drag polar ( Cd ) = 0.02 + 0.044 C^2L
attached below is a plot of the drag polar
Attached below is the detailed solution of the remaining part of the question
Contains tires, wheels, engine, transmission, and drive axle assembly.
Answers
engineering when looking at an image of an object, what enables you to notice the surfaces and edges more clearly?
Answers
Simple things like this have flat surfaces at 90 degrees to the view and are surrounded by lines. Lines are drawn to represent surfaces parallel to the view (edges).
The front perspective is seen in the lower left corner. The right side perspective is shown at the lower right. The top view is at the upper left. There is no viewpoint (parallel lines do not converge, but stay parallel) The number of views might range between 1-6, although 3 is the most typical. A surface that is not at a right angle to the views is known as an auxiliary (extra) view (orthographic). Isometric perspective is shown in the view in the upper right corner. You should be aware of the kind of object you wish to add to a slide before you insert it.
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______ are an idication that your vehicle may be developing a cooling system problem.
Answers
Answer:
The temperature gauge showing that the vehicle has been running warmer or has recently began to have issues from overheating is an idication that your vehicle may be developing a cooling system problem.
Explanation:
include a sketch of your stepped cylindrical shaft, showing all diameters, fillet radii, and keyways. also note where bearings will be placed. use the failure criteria in chapter 7 to determine the minimum diameters at the critical locations on the shaft. design keys to transmit torque between the two gears and the shaft. shaft design constraints: the intermediate shaft must be designed as a solid shaft of length no larger than 300 mm. the shaft will be supported by two 15 mm wide ball bearings (you are not required to specify the bearings). minimum distance between the bearings and the next installed part on the shaft must be 20 mm, to facilitate good lubrication and cooling of the components within the gear box. distance between the two gears should be between 80 mm and 140 mm. clearly indicate how the two gears will be installed on the intermediate shaft and create a shaft layout before moving to the next step. you are to perform static and fatigue analysis for the shaft. for the fatigue analysis assume a reliability of 99%, a minimum required life of 107 cycles and light-shock loading. use appropriate materials for the shaft and indicate if heat treatments are required for any regions of the shaft. the minimum design factor for any region of the shaft should be 1.2.
Answers
The selection of shaft keys is critical in preventing premature failure of keyed joints. Shaft keyways and keys are used to transmit torque from shafts to mechanical transmission elements such as gears, pulleys, and so on.
What is shaft keys?A key to preventing early failure of keyed joints is choosing the right shaft key. The use of a keyed joint allows for the transmission of torque from shafts to mechanical transmission components like gears, pulleys, etc. They can be produced using a standard stock material, like key stock, or they can be specially machined to fit the application.
According to various standards like BS4235, the nominal shaft diameter is typically used to specify the key size, and the commonly accessible rectangular key is used for the majority of applications. As a result, the standards do not specify the key material or joint limitations, and a keyed joint is oversized to support all loads.
There are four main groups of shaft keys:
Sunk keySaddle keyTangent keyRound keysStainless steel or medium carbon steel are typically used to make shaft keys. To suit various application environments, they can be made from a wide variety of materials, including bronze, copper, brass, and aluminum alloy. For example, stainless steel grade for use in food service equipment and brass or bronze keys for marine propeller shafts.
Key steel is typically supplied in accordance with BS46 and BS4235 and is a medium carbon steel that is unalloyed and has a respectable tensile strength. Due to their ideal blend of strength, toughness, and favorable machining properties, unalloyed medium carbon steels with carbon contents ranging from 0.25% to 0.60% are used.
The table below lists a few popular shaft key materials along with their Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS). ↓↓↓
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Why do some materials assume an amorphous structure?
Answers
Amorphous materials are made up of particles with strange forms. The particles are grouped in a limited order range, whether they are atoms, molecules, or ions.
Why do certain substances have an amorphous structure?When the dynamics of the technique used to create the material does not permit the production of periodic arrangements, amorphous materials are more likely to form.
Why are certain substances amorphous?Amorphous materials lack any discernible crystalline structure. Materials for amorphous film can be created by: a natural "glassy" substance, like a glass composition, is deposited. Low-temperature deposition in which the adatoms are not sufficiently mobile to form a crystalline structure (quenching).
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What is the role of the Scrum Master
Answers
Answer:
The Scrum Master is a key role in the Scrum framework for agile project management. The Scrum Master's primary role is to ensure that the Scrum team follows the Scrum process and values, and to remove any impediments that may prevent the team from achieving their goals.
Some of the specific responsibilities of a Scrum Master include:
Facilitating the Scrum process: The Scrum Master is responsible for facilitating all Scrum ceremonies, including daily stand-ups, sprint planning, sprint review, and sprint retrospective meetings. They ensure that all participants understand the purpose and goals of each ceremony, and that the ceremonies are conducted effectively.
Protecting the team: The Scrum Master acts as a shield for the Scrum team, protecting them from external distractions and interruptions that could prevent them from achieving their sprint goals. They also ensure that the team has a safe and productive working environment.
Removing impediments: The Scrum Master identifies and removes any obstacles that may impede the team's progress. They work closely with team members to understand the root cause of any impediments and help the team find creative solutions to overcome them.
Coaching the team: The Scrum Master is responsible for coaching the team on the Scrum process and values, as well as agile principles and practices. They help the team continuously improve their processes and practices to increase efficiency and productivity.
Ensuring transparency: The Scrum Master ensures that there is transparency and visibility into the team's progress, by maintaining the Scrum board, updating burndown charts, and communicating progress to stakeholders.
Overall, the Scrum Master is a servant-leader who supports the Scrum team in achieving their goals and helps them continuously improve their processes and practices.
Hope this helps!
Multiple Choice
Which are the five modes of transportation?
rail, truck, car, boat, bike
air, rail, water, road, pipeline
water, road, pipeline, barge, rail
pipeline, water, UPS, Fed Ex, road
Question # 3
Multiple Choice
What is the most common mode of transportation in the United States?
air
road
water
pipeline
Question # 4
Multiple Select
Why is flexibility the most obvious benefit of road transportation? (Select all that apply.)
Transportation companies can set up systems for having a truck driver approaching his or her maximum driving hours take freight to a drop location where a fresh driver can pick it up and continue on with it.
Trucks can go anywhere that there are roads.
Transportation companies can employ driving teams of two drivers in the same truck to increase haul times and daily mileage.
Truck shipments are impervious to weather conditions like fog, ice, heavy rain, and snow.
Question # 5
Multiple Select
Why is air transportation radically different from other modes? (Select all that apply.)
Airplanes travel at much higher speeds, between 500 and 600 miles per hour.
Airfreight comes at a high cost.
Air transportation is the safest mode for freight.
Air transportation is the only mode that can occur both internationally and domestically.
Question # 6
Multiple Select
Since air transportation is so much more costly than other modes, what justifies its use? (Select all that apply.)
Some kinds of freight are perishable, very expensive, or fragile enough to warrant special shipping treatment.
The environmental impact of air transportation is lower, so companies can justify its use.
Air transportation is unaffected by delays for maintenance, scheduling, and weather, making it far more reliable.
Some companies might think it's worth the cost to ensure that they have faster service or more items in stock on demand.
Question # 7
Multiple Select
Since the most cost effective way to ship on the road is typically a truckload, why do customers patronize carriers that specialize in the LTL business? (Select all that apply.)
Some businesses are too small to be able to fill up entire trailers with their typical shipments. They can't use FTL carriers and must try to pool costs with other businesses like them by using LTL specialists.
Some businesses have freight that is low-value and simply need the lowest cost option.
Some businesses have time-sensitive or perishable freight and LTL specialist businesses are quicker.
Some businesses only ship specialized items that they don't want mixed with the freight from other customers.
Answers
Answer:
1 . these most common 5 modes of transportation are Railway Road via waterway and pipelines
2 .
4. What do these expressions evaluate to? 1. 3 == 3 3. 3 != 3 4. 3 >= 4 5. not (3<4) 5. Complete this truth table: p q r (not (p and q)) or r F F F ?
F F T ? F T F ?
F T T ?
T F F ? T T F ?
T T T ? )
Answers
The expressions evaluate to: 1. True, 2. False, 3. False, 4. False.
The truth table is as follows: (p, q, r) -> (False, False, False): False, (False, False, True): True, (False, True, False): False, (False, True, True): True, (True, False, False): False, (True, False, True): True, (True, True, False): True, (True, True, True): True.
1. The expression "3 == 3" compares if 3 is equal to 3, which is true. Therefore, the result is True.
2. The expression "3 != 3" compares if 3 is not equal to 3, which is false. Therefore, the result is False.
3. The expression "3 >= 4" compares if 3 is greater than or equal to 4, which is false. Therefore, the result is False.
4. The expression "not (3 < 4)" checks if 3 is not less than 4. Since 3 is indeed not less than 4, the expression evaluates to False.
5. The truth table shows the evaluation of the expression "(not (p and q)) or r" for different values of p, q, and r. The "not" operator negates the result of the expression inside it, and "or" returns True if at least one of the operands is True. The table reveals that the expression is True when r is True or when both p and q are True. In all other cases, it evaluates to False.
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all very good airmen do bench tests. (True or False)
Answers
False.
The statement "all very good airmen do bench tests".
Bench tests are designed to evaluate an airman's technical knowledge and ability to perform specific tasks, often in a simulated or controlled environment. However, there are many other factors that contribute to being a "very good" airman, such as communication skills, teamwork, leadership, and adaptability. Furthermore, not all airmen have the same job responsibilities or technical requirements. Airmen who work in administrative or support roles may not require the same level of technical expertise as those who work directly with aircraft or other complex equipment. While bench tests can be an important tool for assessing an airman's technical abilities, they are not the only factor that determines whether someone is a "very good" airman. The qualities and skills that make an airman successful can vary depending on their job responsibilities and the specific needs of their unit or organization.For such more questions on bench tests
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how can you associate a keyboard event and an event-handling method with a widget?
Answers
To associate a keyboard event and an event-handling method with a widget, you can follow these steps:
1. Identify the widget you want to associate the keyboard event with. This can be any widget such as a button, text field, or a custom widget.
2. Register a keyboard event listener for the widget. In most programming frameworks or libraries, there are methods or functions available to register event listeners for specific events. Look for a method or function that allows you to register a keyboard event listener specifically.
3. Create an event-handling method or function that will be executed when the keyboard event occurs. This method should contain the logic you want to execute in response to the keyboard event.
4. Associate the event-handling method with the keyboard event listener for the widget. Use the appropriate method or function to bind or associate the event-handling method with the keyboard event listener. This step may involve passing the method reference or function name as an argument to the event listener registration method.
By completing these steps, the keyboard event will be associated with the widget, and when the specified keyboard event occurs (e.g., key press, key release), the associated event-handling method will be executed. This allows you to define custom behaviors or actions based on keyboard input for your widget.
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Class 0 rubber gloves are used when working with voltage less than
Answers
Class 00 rubber gloves are given the color "beige" based on the color code of rubber gloves.
The proof test voltage for this class of rubber gloves is 2500 volts of AC voltage and 10000 volts of DC voltage
Please mark it as brainliest answer:).
In an automotive shop, asbestos is found in _________.
Answers
Brake housing and lining is the answer I guess :'
2. What is meant by hunting of alternators? 3. What is meant by motoring of alternators?
Answers
The hunting of alternators is defined as the oscillation of the generator frequency that occurs as a result of a momentary fluctuation in the power supply or an unexpected load variation.
In this case, the frequency of the power generated by the alternator is not maintained at a steady level. Hunting of the alternator is a common issue that occurs when an electrical generator is installed in an isolated network. Alternators are used to generate alternating current (AC) that is used in various applications. In general, the hunting of alternators is usually caused by unbalanced loads or incorrect system configurations. The hunting of an alternator is an undesirable phenomenon that results in the alternator generating a frequency that is higher or lower than the rated frequency. To prevent hunting of an alternator, it is recommended that the electrical load is balanced and the system configuration is checked. In addition, a voltage regulator can be used to control the voltage supplied to the system.The motoring of alternators refers to the operation of the electrical generator as a motor. In this case, an electrical current is supplied to the alternator to turn the rotor, which then generates a magnetic field that interacts with the stator windings to produce a torque that drives the rotor. The motoring of alternators is used in applications where the generator is used as a motor, such as in the starting of gas turbines. In such cases, the generator is connected to the turbine shaft and is used to start the turbine by turning the rotor. In general, the motoring of an alternator is the opposite of the generation of electrical power, in which the rotor is turned by a mechanical force to generate electrical power. Therefore, the motoring of an alternator is used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, whereas the generation of electrical power converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
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A ball slowly starts to roll downhill, but its speed increases as it rolls. How are the ball's speed and energy related? - Why do you think the ball starts to roll faster? And the impact energy has on objects! (Write at least 2-3 complete sentence).
Answers
Answer:
the ball gains speed because of the force of the earth pulling on it and the kinetic energy coming ffrom the potental energy
Explanation:
It is desired to obtain 500 VAR reactive power from 230 Vrms 50 Hz 1.5 KVAR reactor. What should be the angle of the AC to AC converter to be used? Calculate the THD of the current drawn from the mains (consider up to the 12th harmonic)?
Answers
Answer:
14.5° ; THD % = 3.873 × 100 = 387.3%.
Explanation:
Okay, in this question we are given the following parameters or data or information which is going to assist us in solving the question efficiently and they are;
(1). "500 VAR reactive power from 230 Vrms 50 Hz 1.5 KVAR reactor".
(2). Consideration of up to 12th harmonic.
So, let us delve right into the solution to the question above;
Step one: Calculate the Irms and Irms(12th) by using the formula for the equation below;
Irms = reactive power /Vrms = 500/230 = 2.174 A.
Irms(12th) = 1.5 × 10^3/ 12 × 230 = 0.543 A.
Step two: Calculate the THD.
Before the Calculation of the THD, there is the need to determine the value for the dissociation factor, h.
h = Irms(12th)/Irms = 0.543/ 2.174 = 0.25.
Thus, THD = [1/ (h)^2 - 1 ] ^1/2. = 3.873.
THD % = 3.873 × 100 = 387.3%.
Step four: angle AC - Ac converter
theta = sin^-1 (1.5 × 10^3/ 12 × 500) = 14.5°.
Assume 4 identical peptide chains assemble into a single
sheet.
a) Each peptide has 8 residues, and each residue can take on 3 conformations independently
when the peptide is free (before assembly). The assembled peptides have no conformational
degree of freedom (W=1).
b) 25 h-bonds are formed in the assembled structure, with each h-bond contributing Δ = -3.00
kJ/mol in stabilizing the assembly.
c) 30% of all residues are hydrophobic (HP) and each of the HP residue have 3 water molecules
in contact when the peptide is free. All these water molecules will be release into bulk upon
assembly and water configuration increases when they move from the HP residue to bulk
water (
= 4). We are ignoring the translational and rotational entropy change during
the assembly.
Please compute the standard state
,
,
and
of the assembly process.
The “Δ" means (assembly – free). Use T=300.0 K. Round the S (kJ/mol/K) to 3 decimal places. H
and G (kJ/mol) to 1 decimal place.
I think I got the enthalpy but I'm not sure on the entropies
Answers
Note that the standard state values are ΔG = -2.63 kJ/mol, ΔH = 75.0 kJ/mol, and ΔS = -0.215 J/mol/K.
What is the explanation for the above response?To calculate the standard state ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS of the assembly process, we need to use the following equations:
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
ΔS = ΔS_sys + ΔS_surr
ΔS_sys = R ln (W_f / W_i)
ΔS_surr = -ΔH / T
where R is the gas constant (8.314 J/mol/K), T is the temperature in Kelvin, W_f and W_i are the final and initial states' probabilities, respectively.
a) The initial state has 4 peptides in free form with 3 conformations each. Thus, W_i = 3^32^4. The final state has a single sheet with W_f = 1. Therefore, ΔS_sys = R ln (1 / (3^32^4)) = -36.732 J/mol/K.
b) The enthalpy change ΔH is given as -25 h-bonds * (-3.00 kJ/mol/h-bond) = 75.0 kJ/mol.
c) For each of the 84=32 residues, there are 30% hydrophobic, which is 9.6 HP residues. Each HP residue has 3 water molecules, so there are 39.6=28.8 water molecules released. The water configuration increases by a factor of 4 when moving from HP residue to bulk water, so ΔS_sys = R ln (4^28.8) = 283.295 J/mol/K.
Using the values of ΔH and ΔS_sys, we can now calculate the standard state ΔG as:
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
= 75.0 kJ/mol - (300 K * 283.295 J/mol/K)
= -2.63 kJ/mol
Therefore, the standard state values are ΔG = -2.63 kJ/mol, ΔH = 75.0 kJ/mol, and ΔS = -0.215 J/mol/K.
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64º26’18’’ + 195º57’12,75’’ – 100º55’35’’
Answers
Answer:
I can help you with your calculation.
To add and subtract angles in degrees, minutes, seconds (DMS) form, you need to follow these steps12:
Align the angles so that the degrees, minutes, and seconds are in the same column.
Add or subtract the seconds first. If the result is more than 60 or less than 0, adjust the minutes accordingly.
Add or subtract the minutes next. If the result is more than 60 or less than 0, adjust the degrees accordingly.
Add or subtract the degrees last.
Using this method, your calculation can be done as follows:
64º26’18’’ + 195º57’12,75’’ – 100º55’35’’ = 64º26’18’’ + 195º57’12.75’’ – 100º55’35’’ = 159º83’30.75’’ – 100º55’35’’ = 159º83’(30.75 - 35)’’ – 100º55’0’’ = 159º82’55.75’’ – 100º55’0’’ = 159º(82 - 55)’55.75’’ – 100º0’0’’ = 159º27’55.75’’ – 100º0’0’’ = (159 - 100)º27’55.75’’ = 59º27’55.75’’
Therefore, the answer is 59º27’55.75’’. I hope this helps!
Explanation: