from your observations in step 7, what can you conclude about the relative equilibrium concentrations of cro42- (aq) ion in each of the solutions 0.1 m k2cr2o7 and 0.1 m k2cro4 before the ba(no3)2 solution is added?

Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) reaction is an important synthetic reaction in organic chemistry. It is widely used for synthesizing various compounds. The reaction is between an aldehyde or ketone and a phosphonate or phosphonate ester in the presence of a strong base.

The Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction is one of the most convenient and well-known methods of constructing carbon-carbon double bonds. The reaction proceeds via the formation of an ylide intermediate. The HWE reaction is particularly useful for the synthesis of compounds with a Z-configuration.

The mechanism for the reaction of diethyl benzylphosphonate and 3,4-methylenedioxybenzaldehyde in the presence of aqueous NaOH, forming 3,4-methylenedioxystilbene as the product, can be explained in the following steps:

Step 1: Formation of the ylide intermediate

The reaction starts with the formation of an ylide intermediate. This is achieved by the reaction of diethyl benzylphosphonate and 3,4-methylenedioxybenzaldehyde in the presence of a strong base like NaOH or KOH. In this reaction, a deprotonated species called an ylide intermediate is generated.

Step 2: Addition of the ylide intermediate to the aldehyde

The ylide intermediate then attacks the aldehyde, leading to the formation of a betaine intermediate.

Step 3: Formation of the phosphonate ester

The betaine intermediate undergoes elimination to form the final product, 3,4-methylenedioxystilbene, and the by-product phosphonate ester.

The mechanism of the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) reaction between diethyl benzylphosphonate and 3,4-methylenedioxybenzaldehyde in the presence of aqueous NaOH, forming 3,4-methylenedioxystilbene as the product, is complete. This reaction is significant in organic chemistry and finds applications in the pharmaceutical industry.

Learn more about reaction

https://brainly.com/question/30464598

#SPJ11

Using the concepts of Avogadro Law, we got the given statement is true.

The law of definite proportions defines samples of a compound will always contain the same proportion of the elements by mass. The mass ratio of elements is fixed no matter where the elements comes from, how the compound is prepared. Essentially, the law is based on  fact that an atom of a particular element is the same as any other atom of that element. So, an atom of oxygen is  same, whether it comes from silica or oxygen in the air.

The Law of Constant Composition is  equivalent to definite proportions, which states each sample of a compound has the same composition of elements by mass.

The law of definite proportions actually tells  water will always contain 1/9 hydrogen and 8/9 oxygen by mass.

The sodium and chlorine in table salt combine according to the rule and become NaCl. The atomic weight of sodium is 23grams and that of chlorine is about 35grams, so from the law one may conclude dissociating 58 grams of NaCl will produce about 23 g of sodium and 35 g of chlorine.

Hence, it is true that the substances combine in predictable proportions and that excess reactants remain unchanged.

To know more about the Avogadro Law, visit here:

https://brainly.com/question/4133756

#SPJ4

Approximately 0.09 moles of ammonia (NH3) can be produced from the given conditions.

To determine the number of moles of ammonia (NH3) that can be produced, we need to use the ideal gas law and the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between hydrogen (H2) and nitrogen (N2) to produce ammonia (NH3) is:

3H2 + N2 -> 2NH3

From the equation, we can see that 3 moles of hydrogen react with 1 mole of nitrogen to produce 2 moles of ammonia.

First, let's convert the given volume of hydrogen to moles using the ideal gas law:

PV = nRT

Where:

P = pressure (in atm)

V = volume (in liters)

n = moles

R = gas constant (0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K))

T = temperature (in Kelvin)

First, we need to convert the temperature from Celsius to Kelvin:

T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15

T(K) = 50.0 + 273.15 = 323.15 K

Using the ideal gas law, we can calculate the number of moles of hydrogen:

n(H2) = PV / RT

n(H2) = (1.2 atm) * (4.0 L) / (0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K) * 323.15 K)

n(H2) ≈ 0.18 moles

Since we have an excess of nitrogen, the amount of nitrogen will not limit the reaction. Therefore, the number of moles of ammonia produced will be half the number of moles of hydrogen:

n(NH3) = 0.5 * n(H2)

n(NH3) ≈ 0.5 * 0.18 moles

n(NH3) ≈ 0.09 moles

For such more questions on moles

https://brainly.com/question/19964502

#SPJ8

That oil sands executive is greedy and heartless and therefore can't be trusted when she claims is Ad hominem attack. So, Option B is correct.

4-  The argument in question 4 is an example of an ad hominem attack. This is due to the argument's focus on the character of the oil sands executuive rather than the actual problem, which is how to improve the company's environmental record.

The argument holds that the executive cannot be believed when she says she wants to improve the company's environmental record because she is avaricious and callous. This is an error in logic, though, as the executive's character may not necessarily be related to the company's environmental policies.

5-  The argument in question 5 is an example of an appeal to ignorance. This is because the argument states that there is no proof that humans are causing climate change, so it must be natural causes. Just because there is no conclusive proof that humans are causing climate change, it does not mean that they are not.

The argument assumes that just because there is no evidence to the contrary, the argument must be true. This is a logical fallacy.

So, Option B is correct.

Learn more about climate change -

brainly.com/question/27170698

#SPJ11

Some used car oil was put in a container to take to a mechanic for proper disposal. the used oil is disposed of this way so that it may not cause any pollution and damage to environment.

The used oil from one oil change can contaminate one million gallons of water and is a threat to environment. If not properly disposed of, waste oil can cause numerous negative implications on the environment. It endangers aquatic organisms by contaminating the soil, ground, and surface water sources.

Learn more about Environment here-

https://brainly.com/question/14558098

#SPJ4

Explanation:

Density = Mass ÷ Volume

            =  30.5 g  ÷  5 mL

Density =  6.1 g/mL

The balanced chemical equation for the complete combustion of methane is: CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O. the mass of potassium chlorate  needed to burn 131.8 g of methane is 999.47 g.

The number of moles of methane can be calculated as follows:

131.8 g methane / 16.04 g/mol = 8.22 moles

From the balanced chemical equation, we can see that 2 moles of oxygen are required to burn 1 mole of methane, so the number of moles of oxygen needed to burn 8.22 moles of methane is 2 * 8.22 moles = 16.44 moles.

The balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of potassium chlorate to produce oxygen is: 2KClO3 -> 2KCl + 3O2

So, for every 2 moles of potassium chlorate decomposed, 3 moles of oxygen are produced. Hence, to produce 16.44 moles of oxygen, we need 16.44 moles / 3 moles/2 moles of KClO3 = 8.22 moles of KClO3.

The mass of potassium chlorate required can be calculated as follows:

8.22 moles * 122.55 g/mol = 999.47 g

So, the mass of potassium chlorate required to supply the proper amount of oxygen needed to burn 131.8 g of methane is 999.47 g.

Learn more about methane here:

https://brainly.com/question/2127750

#SPJ4

Since methanium ([CH5]+) only has one hydrogen atom bound to the carbon atom, a stable molecule would require two more hydrogen atoms. It cannot be a neutral chemical as a result.

Methanium ([CH5]+) is unable to exist as a neutral compound due to the following reasons:It is because the carbon atom in methanium has only three valence electrons. This implies that, in order to satisfy the octet rule, it requires three more electrons. As a result, the carbon atom may not exist without sharing electrons with three hydrogen atoms. However, methanium has only one hydrogen atom attached to the carbon atom, implying that two more hydrogen atoms are needed to create a stable molecule. As a result, it cannot be a neutral compound.
The second reason is that the compound has an overall positive charge. The carbon atom carries a +1 formal charge in this case. However, a neutral molecule must have a net formal charge of zero. When an electron is removed from the methane molecule, a positive charge is added to it, making it unstable and unable to exist as a neutral compound.

Learn more about hydrogen here:

https://brainly.com/question/24433860

#SPJ11

The change in entropy of surroundings in J/K when the reaction occurs at 41°C is -97.0 J/K

To calculate the change in entropy of the surroundings (ΔS_surroundings) during the decomposition of carbon tetrachloride gas, you can use the formula:

ΔS_surroundings = -ΔH_system / T

Here, ΔH_system is the change in enthalpy of the system (given as +95.7 KJ) and T is the temperature in Kelvin. First, let's convert the temperature from Celsius to Kelvin:

T = 41°C + 273.15 = 314.15 K

Now, plug in the values into the formula:

ΔS_surroundings = -(+95.7 KJ) / 314.15 K

Keep in mind that 1 KJ = 1000 J. So, ΔS_surroundings = -(95.7 * 1000 J) / 314.15 K

ΔS_surroundings = -30462.2 J / 314.15 K

ΔS_surroundings = -96.98 J/K

Since the answer should be provided using 3 significant figures, the final answer is:

ΔS_surroundings = -97.0 J/K

More on entropy: https://brainly.com/question/31418990

#SPJ11

The chemical reaction known as the Bamford-Stevens reaction occurs when tosylhydrazones are treated with a strong base to produce alkenes.

The reaction is named after the British chemist William Randall Bamford and the Scottish chemist Thomas Stevens . Aprotic solvents produce mostly Z-alkenes, whereas protic solvents produce a mix of E- and Z-alkenes.

In organic chemistry, the Stevens rearrangement is an organic reaction that, in the presence of a strong base and a 1,2-rearrangement, converts quaternary ammonium and sulfonium salts to the corresponding amines or sulfides. Alkylation of the corresponding amines and sulfides yields the reactants.

A Stevens rearrangement is typically defined as the 1,2-migration of an alkyl group from the central nitrogen or sulfur atom, followed by a base-promoted transformation of a sulfonamides or quaternary ammonium salt to a sulfide or tertiary amine.

Learn more about Steven's reactions :

brainly.com/question/15556242

#SPJ1

Answer:

IIron is the 26th element on the periodic table. It is located in period 4 and group 8. And for the properties, iron, like other metals, conducts heat and electricity, has a luster, and forms positive ions in its chemical reactions. Pure iron is fairly soft and can easily be shaped and formed when hot. Its color is silvery white. Iron is easily magnetized.

Explanation:

The Haber process is a complex industrial process, and several factors must be taken into consideration when determining the optimum temperature.

What is Harber process?

Ammonia (NH3) is created chemically by the Haber process from nitrogen gas (N2) and hydrogen gas (H2). The technique was created in the early 20th century by a German chemist by the name of Fritz Haber, hence the name.

With the aid of a catalyst, usually iron, the Haber process involves the reaction of nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas at high pressure and high temperature. The reaction's chemical equation is as follows:

                   N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3

In the Haber process, the creation of ammonia (NH3) is an exothermic reaction. Le Chatelier's principle states that an exothermic reaction is more advantageous at lower temperatures. In order to maximise the ammonia yield, one might therefore infer that the Haber process should be carried out at low temperatures.

But because the Haber process is a sophisticated industrial procedure, choosing the ideal temperature requires careful thought of a number of variables. While a low temperature may promote the forward reaction, it may also cause the reaction to proceed more slowly, resulting in less ammonia being produced. The pressure and concentration of the reactants also have an impact on reaction rate.

The Haber process has been successfully used at temperatures between 400 and 450°C, based on the catalyst employed. Due to the low temperature favouring the forward reaction, the reaction rate is high enough at this temperature to achieve an acceptable ammonia production rate while also allowing for a good yield of ammonia. Moreover, the inclusion of a catalyst (often iron) can speed up the reaction even more and boost ammonia output.

In conclusion, even if the forward reaction in the Haber process may be favoured by a low temperature, this does not mean that this temperature is the best one because other variables that affect the reaction rate and production rate may also be at play. By testing, it has been discovered that a catalyst and a temperature of roughly 400–450°C offer the greatest ammonia yield and reaction rate balance.

Learn more about Haber process click here:

https://brainly.com/question/21867752

#SPJ1

Approximately 63.59 grams of calcium nitride (Ca3N2) are produced when 4.00 g of nitrogen reacts with an excess of calcium.

To determine the amount of calcium nitride (Ca3N2) produced when 4.00 g of nitrogen reacts with an excess of calcium, we need to calculate the stoichiometry of the reaction.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between nitrogen and calcium is:

3Ca + N2 → Ca3N2

From the equation, we can see that 1 mole of nitrogen (N2) reacts with 3 moles of calcium (Ca) to produce 1 mole of calcium nitride (Ca3N2).

To calculate the number of moles of nitrogen, we use the molar mass of nitrogen (N2):

Molar mass of N2 = 2 * atomic mass of nitrogen = 2 * 14.01 g/mol = 28.02 g/mol

Number of moles of nitrogen = Mass of nitrogen / Molar mass of nitrogen = 4.00 g / 28.02 g/mol ≈ 0.1428 mol

According to the stoichiometry of the reaction, since 1 mole of nitrogen reacts with 1/3 mole of calcium nitride, the number of moles of calcium nitride formed would be:

Number of moles of calcium nitride = Number of moles of nitrogen / (1/3) = 0.1428 mol / (1/3) = 0.4284 mol

Finally, to convert moles to grams, we use the molar mass of calcium nitride (Ca3N2):

Molar mass of Ca3N2 = (3 * atomic mass of calcium) + (2 * atomic mass of nitrogen)

= (3 * 40.08 g/mol) + (2 * 14.01 g/mol)

= 120.24 g/mol + 28.02 g/mol

= 148.26 g/mol

Mass of calcium nitride = Number of moles of calcium nitride * Molar mass of Ca3N2

= 0.4284 mol * 148.26 g/mol

≈ 63.59 g

Therefore, approximately 63.59 grams of calcium nitride (Ca3N2) are produced when 4.00 g of nitrogen reacts with an excess of calcium.

To know more about stoichiometry click this link -

brainly.com/question/28780091

#SPJ11

Answer:

a. CH3

Hope this helps.

Answer:

The procedure is Filtration

Explanation:

Filtration is a process that is use to separate insoluble solid from liquid for example Salt and water.

This process uses filter paper which is placed inside a funnel and then placed inside a beaker.

The mixture of sand and water is poured into the the filter paper and water then drains out down to the funnel and the beaker.

The solid part remain at the filter paper and it is called the residue and the water is the filtrate.

Matter cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reactions. This is the law of conservation of mass. In every chemical reaction, the same mass of matter must end up in the products as started in the reactants. Balanced chemical equations show that mass is conserved in chemical reactions.

Matter cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reactions. This is the law of conservation of mass. In every chemical reaction, the same mass of matter must end up in the products as started in the reactants. Balanced chemical equations show that mass is conserved in chemical reactions

concentration of HC2H3O2 in the buffer solution is 0.51 M.

xM = 0.51M

To solve for x, we need to first calculate the concentrations of the two species that are present in the buffer solution.

The concentration of NaC2H3O2 is 0.78 M, as given.

The concentration of HC2H3O2 can be calculated from the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pH = pKa + log([HC2H3O2]/[NaC2H3O2])

Rearranging this equation and solving for [HC2H3O2], we get:

[HC2H3O2] = [NaC2H3O2] x 10^(pH - pKa)

Plugging in the given values, we get:

[HC2H3O2] = 0.78 x 10^(4.40 - (-4.7))

[HC2H3O2] = 0.78 x 10^(9.1)

[HC2H3O2] = 0.51 M

Therefore, the concentration of HC2H3O2 in the buffer solution is 0.51 M.

learn more about solution here

https://brainly.com/question/29015830

#SPJ4

Answer:

A chemical change has occurred, with energy being given off.

Explanation:

The liquids mix and the stick gives off energy in light form

Density is a physical property of a substance that represents the mass of that substance per unit volume. It is a property that can be used to describe a substance. We calculate the volume as follows:

21 grams Ag ( 1 L / 10.5 grams ) = 2 L of container is needed for the given mass of silver

Hope this answers the question. Have a nice day.

Answer:

The balanced chemical equation is:

- Ratio of Al2O3 to O2: 2:3R

- Ratio of Al2O3 to Al: 2:4R

- Ratio of Al to O2: 4:3R

Explanation:

To balance the chemical equation, it is necessary to have the same amount of elements on the reactant side as on the product side:

Now we know that the reaction is balanced, because on the reactant side and on the products side there are:

- 4 Al

- 6 O

Now that the equation is balanced, we can write the ratios with the stoichiometry of the reaction.

Answer:

Cupric ions

Explanation:

In the single displacement reaction shown, the cupric ions lost two electrons.

    Cu²⁺  + 2e⁻ →  Cu

The replacement of a metallic ion in solution by a metal atom higher in the activity series than than the metal in solution falls into this category of reactions.

  Since Zn higher in the series, it displacements the cupric ions.

Answer: copper or copper ion

Explanation: The copper ions (Cu2+) gained 2 electrons to form copper atoms.

5) Convert molarity to percent, calculate moles of acetic acid, convert moles to grams, divide grams by volume in mL, multiply by 100 to obtain experimental percent, and calculate percent error.

6) Phenolphthalein could have been used as an alternative indicator.

7) When using barium hydroxide instead of sodium hydroxide, adjust the calculations by considering the stoichiometry of the reaction and using a molar ratio of 2:1 between acetic acid and barium hydroxide.

5. To calculate the percent error in the concentration of acetic acid, we need to convert our molarity (M) results to percent (%). Using the average molarity and the average volume (converted to liters) of acetic acid, we can calculate the number of moles of acetic acid.

Then, by converting moles to grams using the molar mass of acetic acid (CH3COOH), we can divide the grams of acetic acid by the average volume (in milliliters) of acetic acid and multiply by 100 to obtain the experimental percent.

Finally, we can calculate the percent error by comparing the experimental percent to the labeled percent (4% vinegar on the bottle).

6. An alternative indicator that could have been used is phenolphthalein. Phenolphthalein is commonly used in acid-base titrations and changes color in a specific pH range, indicating the endpoint of the reaction.

6. If barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2) were used instead of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), the adjustment in calculations would involve the stoichiometry of the reaction. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between acetic acid and barium hydroxide is:

2CH3COOH + Ba(OH)2 → Ba(CH3COO)2 + 2H2O

The molar ratio between acetic acid and barium hydroxide is 2:1. Therefore, the number of moles of barium hydroxide used would be half the number of moles of acetic acid in the calculation.

The rest of the procedure, including converting moles to grams and calculating the percent, would remain the same.

For more such questions on molarity visit:

https://brainly.com/question/30404105

#SPJ8

Concrete contributes 5 % of the annual anthropogenic global CO₂ production. The correct option is a.

Anthropogenic processes are the processes that arise as the result of the human actions. The Anthropogenic factors are the human actions that have the impact on the environment, such as the land use changes and the pollution.

Carbon dioxide that is CO₂ is the greenhouse gas that is the significant contributor to the global warming. The CO₂ is released in to the environment as the result of the human activities such as the fossil fuel combustion and the deforestation. Concrete is the building material that made up of the cement, sand, and the gravel. Concrete contributes around the 5% of the annual anthropogenic global. The option a is correct.

To learn more about carbon dioxide here

https://brainly.com/question/1301348

#SPJ4

The balanced chemical equations are as  follows:

14. C₂H₄ + 3 O₂ -> 2CO₂ + 2H₂O

15. 2NaHCO₃ -> Na₂CO₃ + H₂O + CO₂

16. 3Cl₂ + 2NaBr -> 2NaCl + Br₂

17. 3Na₂S + 2NaCl + 3H₂O -> 5NaCl + H₂S + 3O₂

Balanced equations are equations of chemical reactions that ensure that the law of conservation of mass is true.

In a balanced equation, the number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation is equal.

The given chemical equations are balanced as follows;

14.  Place 3, 2, and 2 before O₂, CO₂, and H₂O respectively.

C₂H₄ + 3 O₂ -> 2 CO₂ + 2 H₂O

15. Place 2 in front of NaHCO₃.

2 NaHCO₃ -> Na₂CO₃ + H₂O + CO₂

16. Place 3, 2, and 2 in front of Cl₂, NaBr, and NaCl respectively.

3Cl₂ + 2NaBr -> 2NaCl + Br₂

17. Place 3, 2, 3, 5, and 3 in front of Na₂S, NaCl, H₂O, NaCl, and O₂ respectively.

3Na₂S + 2NaCl + 3H₂O -> 5NaCl + H₂S + 3O₂

Learn more about balancing equations at: https://brainly.com/question/11904811

#SPJ1

Answer:

they help people realize their full potential

Explanation:

yes

Answer:

they seek to protect people and their property

Explanation:

The number of ionic bond in copper is zero.

Pure copper or any pure metal for that matter are examples of metallic bonds, which are neither ionic nor covalent. The copper atoms are stacked very tightly in a solid lattice. In fact it has a face centered cubic lattice which is the closed packing of atoms possible. Each atom has twelve nearest neighbors which allows their 4s orbitals (mostly) to have the optimal overlap. All of these orbitals therefore combine in one gigantic band of delocalized orbitals that spans the entire crystal with its myriad atoms. This band is only partly filled and the difference in energy between one state and the next is puny, which explains copper’s outstanding conductive properties.

Therefore, the bonding in copper has a metallic character.

To know more about copper bonding,

https://brainly.com/question/20897148

https://brainly.com/question/17215770

2NOCI(9) + 2NO(g) + Cl2(9) shows decrease in entropy.

Entropy in thermodynamic refers to the degrees that represent the absence of system's thermal energy that is not available to perform mechanical work, which is the degree of disorder or randomness in the system.

Therefore, 2NOCI(9) + 2NO(g) + Cl2(9) shows ddecrease in entropy because it shows degree of disorderliness is low

Learn more about entropy below.

https://brainly.com/question/6364271

The pH of the solution is approximately 11.40.

The pH of a solution can be calculated using the formula \(pH = -log[H^+]\)

In this case, we need to find the concentration of [H⁺] in the solution containing 0.20 g of NaOH in 2,000 ml of solution.

First, we need to convert grams of NaOH to moles.

The molar mass of NaOH is 40 g/mol.

So, 0.20 g of NaOH is equal to 0.20/40 = 0.005 mol.

Next, we need to find the concentration of [H⁺].

Since NaOH is a strong base, it completely dissociates in water to form Na⁺ and OH⁻ ions. The concentration of OH⁻ ions is equal to the concentration of NaOH, which is \(0.005 mol/2,000 ml = 0.0025 mol/L\)

To find the concentration of [H⁺], we can use the Kw equation, which is \(K_w = [H^+][OH^-]\)

Kw is equal to \(1.0 x 10^-^1^4\) at 25 degrees Celsius.

Rearranging the equation, we have;

\([H^+] = K_w/[OH^-]\)

= \(1.0 x 10^-^1^4/0.0025\)

= \(4.0 x 10^-^1^2 mol/L\).

Finally, we can calculate the pH using the formula;

\(pH = -log[H^+]\)

\(pH = -log(4.0x10^-^1^2)\)

\(= 11.40\)

Therefore, the pH of the solution containing 0.20 g of NaOH in 2,000 ml of solution is approximately 11.40.

Learn more about concentration here:

https://brainly.com/question/31328147

#SPJ11