For each of the following traits, identify whether you think the trait is an analogy or a homology, and why. A. Dolphins and sharks have fins. B. Horses and zebras have hooves. C. Turtles and snails have shells. D. Some snakes and spiders have venom. E. Crabs and lobsters have claws. Now, use material in your classroom, online, or in books to verify your answers about whether the traits are due to similar adaptations or common ancestry. Why is it important to distinguish between analogies and homologies when we classify organisms?

The basic types of data representation schemas used in Entity-Relationship (ER) modeling include Entity, Relationship, Attribute, Cardinality, Key, and Normalization.

Entity: An entity represents a real-world object or concept that can be uniquely identified. It is represented by a rectangle in an ER diagram and is typically labeled with the entity name. Entities have attributes that describe their characteristics.

Relationship: A relationship represents an association or connection between two or more entities. It describes how entities are related to each other. Relationships are depicted by diamond shapes in an ER diagram and are labeled to indicate the nature of the relationship, such as "has," "belongs to," or "works for."

Attribute: An attribute is a property or characteristic of an entity. It describes the data that can be stored for an entity. Attributes can be simple (atomic) or composite (composed of multiple sub-attributes). They are represented by ovals in an ER diagram and are connected to the respective entity.

Cardinality: Cardinality defines the numerical relationship between entities in a relationship. It specifies how many instances of one entity are associated with instances of another entity. Common cardinality notations include "one-to-one," "one-to-many," and "many-to-many."

Key: A key is a unique identifier for an entity. It is used to ensure each entity instance can be uniquely identified. A primary key is a key chosen as the main identifier, while a foreign key is a key from another entity used to establish relationships.

Normalization: Normalization is a process used to eliminate redundancy and ensure data integrity in a database. It involves organizing attributes into tables and applying specific rules to minimize data duplication.

These data representation schemas help in visually representing the structure and relationships of entities in an ER model, facilitating the design and development of a database system.

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Answer:

t = 5.67 seconds

Explanation:

v=Vo + at

25 = 8 + 3t

17 = 3t

t = 5.67 seconds

Yes, all of these statements are true about Golgi tendon organs. They are free nerve endings that wind between collagen fibers, their stretch leads to activation of antagonistic muscles,

They provide information on muscle tension to the CNS, and they are found at the junction between ligaments and bone. They are part of the nervous system and provide feedback to the central nervous system (CNS) regarding muscle tension.

GTOs are composed of specialized nerve endings that wind between collagen fibers and, when they stretch due to muscle contraction, they activate the antagonistic muscle to relax.

This allows for increased proprioception and coordination during movement. Overall, GTOs provide important information on muscle tension to the CNS in order to maintain homeostasis throughout all movements by facilitating proper reflex action. In addition,

since GTOs can detect changes in joint position and quickly respond with a reflex muscle contraction or relaxation, they help protect joints from being overstretched or injured from sudden jer-ky movements.

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The most significant factor leading to exhaustion during intense endurance exercise lasting two to three hours is muscle glycogen depletion.

Glycogen is a carbohydrate reserve in the body made from glucose. Generally, glycogen is stored in the muscles and liver. Glycogen in the muscles is usually used by the muscles themselves, while those stored in the liver will be distributed throughout the body, especially to the brain and spinal cord.

When glucose levels start to decrease, for example after exercising, insulin levels will also decrease. When this happens, the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase begins to break down glycogen to supply your body with glucose. This then becomes the main source of energy for the body.

Intensive resistance training in a few hours burns a lot of calories, and the amount of stored glucose can be a limiting factor. When athletes run out of glycogen, their training performance begins to decline, and exhaustion occurs.

So, the correct answer is B.

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Answer:

A large number of objects were frequently colliding with one another in a random fashion.

Explanation:

Plato answer

Answer:

Objects in space collided and crashed into one another back then

Explanation: It's the answer "in your own words". Hope this helps :P

This statement is FALSE that when salt is formed from positively charged sodium and negatively charged chlorine, the charge on the salt becomes negative because Na+ and Cl⁻ together NaCl (neutral), equal number of positive and negative charges add up to neutral and charge becomes zero.

Sodium (Na+), which is positively charged, and chloride (Cl), which is negatively charged, combine to make salt, which is naturally neutral and has no charge. Means that through a neutralization reaction, all charges are neutralized.

'What is neutralization reaction?'

A neutralization reaction is a chemical process in which an acid and a base combine to produce salt and water as the end products.

H⁺ ions and OH⁻ ions combine to generate water during a neutralization process. Acid-base neutralization is the most common type of neutralization reaction.

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The colony with the genotype lac- man ara will not be able to grow on any of the minimal media plates with lactose, mannose, or arabinose as the sole carbon source.

This is because the lac- genotype means that the cells cannot utilize lactose, the man genotype means that the cells cannot utilize mannose, and the ara genotype means that the cells cannot utilize arabinose. Therefore, the colony with the genotype lac- man ara will not be able to grow on any of the plates except for the master plate with glucose.

To identify the colony with the genotype lac- man ara, we need to look for a colony that is present on the master plate with glucose but absent on the plates with lactose, mannose, and arabinose. In this case, the colony indicated by the arrow in the image below is the one with the genotype lac- man ara.

In conclusion, the colony with the genotype lac- man ara is the one that is present on the master plate with glucose but absent on the plates with lactose, mannose, and arabinose.

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the organization of living systems is hierarchical with cells at the base and the biosphere at the top.

This means that living systems are organized in a way where smaller units, such as cells, make up larger systems, such as tissues and organs, which make up even larger systems like organisms and ecosystems, and ultimately all of these living systems are part of the biosphere. This hierarchical organization allows for complex interactions and systems to exist within the natural world.

Therefore, living systems are not linear, circular, or chaotic, but rather they are structured hierarchically with cells at the foundation and the biosphere at the top.

Living systems are complex and diverse, but they all share a common organization that is hierarchical. This means that living systems are composed of smaller units that combine to form larger systems, and so on, until the entire biosphere is considered. The building blocks of living systems are cells, which are the smallest unit of life that can perform all the functions necessary for life.

Cells combine to form tissues, which combine to form organs, which combine to form organ systems, which make up organisms. Organisms interact with each other and their environment to form ecosystems, which are made up of many different organisms and their physical surroundings. The biosphere is the highest level of organization, encompassing all living things on Earth and their interactions with each other and their physical environment.

The hierarchical organization of living systems allows for a diverse range of structures and functions to exist. Cells can specialize to perform specific functions within an organism, while organisms can adapt to different environments and ecosystems. This organization also allows for complex interactions between different levels of living systems, such as the way that organisms within an ecosystem interact with each other and their physical surroundings.

the organization of living systems is hierarchical with cells at the base and the biosphere at the top. This hierarchical structure allows for the diversity and complexity of living systems to exist and interact in a way that supports life on Earth.

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The testes are the source of sperm production and are responsible for the production of male hormones, such as testosterone. During prenatal development, the testes are filled with undifferentiated germ cells, which are in the process of meiosis and mitosis.

At the onset of puberty, these germ cells undergo spermatogenesis, which is the process of forming sperm cells through meiosis. This is an important process in male reproductive health, as it is responsible for producing mature sperm cells that can be used for reproduction.

The reason why germ cells do not undergo spermatogenesis until puberty is because this process must be regulated and controlled by hormones. During puberty, testosterone levels increase, which triggers the start of spermatogenesis.

Without the presence of testosterone, the process cannot start. This is why puberty is necessary for the process to begin, as it is the time when testosterone levels are at their highest. In addition, the environment within the testes must also be suitable for spermatogenesis to occur.

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Due to independent assortment and crossing-over, the possible allelic combinations found in gametes by the meiotic division of this cell are B and D can be on one chromosome, while b and d can be on the other. Therefore, the correct answer is (B) BD, bD, Bd, and bd.

Crossing-over is a process that occurs during meiosis, the cell division process that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells) in sexually reproducing organisms. During crossing-over, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, resulting in the creation of new combinations of alleles.

The law of independent assortment is a fundamental principle in genetics that describes how different genes are inherited independently. Gregor Mendel first proposed this principle.

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Answer:

Carbon dioxide and energy from the Sun is converted into sugar molecules(glucose)  and oxygen; ATP molecule

Explanation:

Homeostasis is the ability to maintain internal stability in an organism in response to the environmental changes. The internal temperature of the human body is the best example of homeostasis.

Homeostasis, also known as homoeostasis in the UK, is the stable internal, external, and chemical conditions that are maintained by biological systems.

This is the state of the organism when everything is operating at its best and numerous factors, including fluid balance and body temperature, are maintained within predetermined ranges (homeostatic range).

Despite changes in the environment, nutrition, or level of exercise, other factors such as the pH of extracellular fluid, the concentrations of sodium, potassium, and calcium ions, as well as the blood sugar level, must be controlled.

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The ways in which a biome is from the equator is if it is characterized by a warmer and wetter climate.

This is referred to as the weather conditions of an area in general over a long period of time and it is dependent on various types of factors.

Biome which are from the equator are warmer and wetter because the moisture content of warmer air is greater than that of cooler air. They form the world's tropical forests in which regions such as Central and South America possess half of it thereby making it the correct choice.

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The overall dosage, concentration, method of administration, vascularity the tissues, & presence as well as absence of a vasoconstrictor all affect how quickly local anaesthetics are absorbed into the body. true

The concentration of local anaesthetics dosage, in the circulation increases as they are absorbed from of the injection site, as well as the peripheral nervous system & central nervous system (CNS) were subsequently suppressed in a dose-dependent manner. In Figure 3, Clinically, status seizures and cardiac arrhythmias are suppressed by low blood concentrations; paradoxically, larger serum concentrations cause seizure activity. The first potentially fatal side effect of local anaesthetic overdose is convulsive convulsions. This most likely results from selective inhibition of the central inhibitory pathways, which let the excitatory tracts go berserk. All routes are blocked when serum concentrations increase even higher, leading to coma, respiratory arrest, & finally cardiovascular failure.

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The volume of a sample of aqueous silver nitrate weighing 23.6 kilograms is approximately 19,666.67 litres which can be calculated by converting the mass into grams and then using the density of the solution.

To determine the volume of the sample of aqueous silver nitrate, we need to convert the given mass of 23.6 kilograms into grams. Since there are 1000 grams in a kilogram, the mass of the sample is 23,600 grams.

Next, we need to use the density of the solution to find the volume. The density of aqueous silver nitrate can vary depending on the concentration, but let's assume a typical density of 1.2 grams per millilitre.

Using the formula: density = mass/volume, we can rearrange it to calculate the volume: volume = mass/density.

Substituting the values, we have - volume = 23,600 grams / 1.2 grams per millilitre.

To convert the volume from millilitres to litres, we divide by 1000 since there are 1000 millilitres in a litre.

Therefore, the volume of the sample is approximately 19,666.67 litres.

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A grower who wishes to enhance plant growth by adjusting the carbon dioxide levels in the greenhouse will use a NDIR as analyzer to evaluate carbon dioxide levels.

Carbon dioxide can be measured using infrared detectors, also known as NDIR analyzers, because it is an excellent absorber of infrared energy. Depending on the application, carbon dioxide can be measured in percent (%) or parts per million (ppm).

A sensor is used to measure carbon dioxide. The NDIR non-dispersive infrared sensor is one of the most common.

Its popularity stems from its long life-span, high speed, and low cross-sensitivity to other gases. An NDIR CO2 sensor detects infrared light in an air sample.

Thus, NDIR can be used.

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Humans receive oxygen from photosynthesis, which is necessary for maintaining life.

The process through which plants, algae, and some bacteria turn sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose (a form of stored energy) and oxygen is known as photosynthesis.

Although photosynthesis does not directly produce energy for humans, the oxygen that is generated during photosynthesis is vital for our survival.

The process through which our cells transform glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water is known as cellular respiration, and oxygen is an essential component of the air we breathe. Without oxygen, our cells would not be able to perform the aerobic respiration required to produce energy, which would have serious negative effects on our health and ultimately result in death.

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Answer:

Secrete insulin.

Explanation:

If the body has increase in blood glucose level due to eating of cookies, our body secrete insulin in order to regulates blood glucose level. If there is too much glucose in the body, the body secretes more insulin in order to regulate the glucose level in the blood whereas if there is low glucose level in the blood, our body secrete glucagon through pancreas in order to raise blood glucose level.

Answer:

insluin is realeased by the body or glucose enters the cells  

Explanation: none

Amphibian eggs have a tiny door-like structure at one end that opens when the egg encounters water. Hence the correct option is A.

Amphibian eggs have a unique adaptation called the "micropyle," which is a tiny door-like structure located at one end of the egg. This micropyle serves as an entry point for water and allows for gas exchange. When the amphibian egg encounters water, the micropyle opens, facilitating the exchange of gases between the developing embryo inside the egg and the surrounding environment.

The micropyle is a significant adaptation in amphibians because it allows for respiration and proper development of the embryo in aquatic environments. It provides a means for oxygen to enter the egg and carbon dioxide to be expelled, supporting the metabolic needs of the developing embryo. As the amphibian egg absorbs water through the micropyle, it swells, initiating various developmental processes within the embryo.

Hence the correct option is A.

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Answer: a

Explanation:

Answer:

Bacteria and Archaea

Explanation:

Answer:

Single-celled organisms belonging to the Bacteria and Archaea domains are known as prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells and lack a nucleus and organelles. A cell wall surrounds all prokaryotic cells. Many of them also feature a polysaccharide capsule or slime layer.

An example of an integrator working to maintain homeostasis is when the brain processes information about blood calcium levels being too high and determines that calcium levels need to be lowered.

Homeostasis refers to the ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes. An integrator is a component of a feedback system that receives and processes information, and based on that information, initiates appropriate responses to maintain homeostasis.

In the given options, the example that best illustrates an integrator working to maintain homeostasis is when the brain processes information about blood calcium levels being too high and determines that calcium levels need to be lowered. The brain acts as the integrator in this scenario by receiving input from sensors that detect high blood calcium levels. It then processes this information and initiates responses such as signaling the release of hormones like calcitonin or parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium levels and restore homeostasis.

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Correct option is b, A polysaccharide known as starch, which is composed of many monomers known as sugar-like monosaccharides, is a polymer. One or more sugar molecules comprise all carbs.

Simple sugars are monosaccharides because they only contain one sugar molecule. Fructose, glucose, and sucrose are a few examples of these sugars. These carbohydrate compounds are consumed by the body, where they are changed into natural sugar molecules and used as fuel. Biomolecules made up of several single sugar units are known as polysaccharides or complex carbohydrates.

These units are connected by glycosidic linkages in complex carbohydrates. The majority of the molecules that make up a potato's stored starch were initially simple sugars that entered the cell. Starch and glycogen are examples of polysaccharides, which are polymers (carbohydrates) made up of many glucose molecules that are simple sugar subunits.

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Correct Question:

Most of the starch stored in the cells of a potato is composed of molecules that originally entered these cells as

a. Enzymes

b. Simple sugars

c. Minerals

d. Amino acids

Oil spill has detrimental effects on the environment.

During transportation of oil, the leakage of oil that occurs in the water bodies, specifically in the oceans and seas is referred to as oil spill.

This spilled oil floats on the surface of water. This oil has effects on aquatic animals as well as the birds that hover around the water bodies. For instance, if the feathers of the seabirds get oiled, the birds can die of hypothermia. Many fishes and planktons die because of the oil spilled.

The oil droplets present on the surface are degraded by the process of photooxidation that happens due to exposure to light and oxygen. This also results in the formation of free radicals that are harmful to the water body as well as to the organisms present in water.

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