Find ΔG° for the reactions in Problem 20.51 using ΔHf° and S° values.

Answer:

A --0.26 mol

Explanation:

using the stoichiometry ratio

1mol of sucrose -----> 12 moles of O2

no of mole of O2 = mass in g / mm

mm of O2 =2(16)

=32

no of mole of O2= 100/32

= 3.125 mol

recall

1 mol of sucrose ==> 12 mol of O2

1 mol of sucrose = 3.125/12

=== 0.2604 mol ✅✅

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Answer:

Table salt is considered to be a compound because it is made up of two elements (sodium and chloride,) while sodium itself is a raw element. That's why table salt is considered to be a compound, while sodium is not.

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Answer:

See explanation and Image

Explanation:

Chemical element iodine has the atomic number 53 and the letter I in its symbol. of the stable halogens that weighs the most.

Symbol: I

Atomic mass: 126.90447 u

Atomic number: 53

Electron configuration: [Kr] 4d105s25p5

(Hope it helps)

Answer:

They are all alkali earth metals.

Explanation:

Their valence shell each has 2 electrons. Also, they are all shiny, silvery-white, somewhat reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure. They form alkaline solutions, hydroxides, when reacting with water and their oxides are found in the earth’s crust.

Answer:

magnesium (Mg)

Explanation:

The overall structure of the coordination complex K₃[Fe(C₂O₄)3]3H₂O can be represented as a distorted octahedron, with the six C₂O₄₄₋groups surrounding the iron atom at the center.   The oxidation state of iron in K₃[Fe(C₂O₄)3]3H₂O is +3.

In the coordination complex K₃[Fe(C₂O₄)3]3H₂O, iron is in the +3 oxidation state, which means that it has gained three electrons in its outermost energy level.

The +3 oxidation state of iron is consistent with the oxidation state of ferric ion, Fe3+, which is the dominant form of iron in this coordination complex. Ferric ion is formed by the removal of three electrons from the innermost shell of the iron atom.

The structure of the coordination complex K₃[Fe(C₂O₄)3]3H₂O can be described as a central iron atom surrounded by six C₂O₄₄₋ groups. The iron atom is bonded to each of the six C₂O₄₄₋ groups through a bidentate ligand, which is a ligand that binds to the iron atom through two of its atoms.

The C₂O₄₄₋ groups are coordinated to the iron atom through a pair of oxygen atoms and a pair of carbon atoms. The six C₂O₄₄₋groups are arranged around the iron atom in a hexagonal ring, with each group sharing a oxygen atom with the iron atom.

The overall structure of the coordination complex K₃[Fe(C₂O₄)3]3H₂O can be represented as a distorted octahedron, with the six C₂O₄₄₋groups surrounding the iron atom at the center.  

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Answer:

Explanation:

Volume of one mole of a gas = 22.4 litre.

No of molecules in one mole of gas = 6.02 x 10²³ .

Volume of one molecule = 4/3 π R³

= 4/3 x 3.14 x ( 167 x 10⁻¹² m )³

= 19.5 x 10⁶ x 10⁻³⁶ m³

=19.5 x 10⁻³⁰ m³

= 19.5 x 10⁻³⁰ x 10³ litre .

=  19.5 x 10⁻²⁷ litre .

So volume occupied by molecules in one mole of gas

= 19.5 x 10⁻²⁷ x 6.02 x 10²³  litre

117.4 x 10⁻⁴ litre

= .01174 litre.

Excluded volume

= ( 22.4 -  .01174  ) litre .

= 22.388 litre.

the de Broglie wavelength of the electron moving at a velocity of 3. 0 × 107 m/s is 2.4×10∧-11nm

lambda = h/mv

The de Broglie wavelength is defined as follows: lambda = h/mv, wherein the greek letter lambda represents the wavelength, h is Planck's consistent, m is the particle's mass and v is its pace. One may also explicit mv as the particle's momentum

according to wave-particle duality, the De Broglie wavelength is a wavelength manifested in all the gadgets in quantum mechanics which determines the chance density of locating the item at a given factor of the configuration area. The de Broglie wavelength of a particle is inversely proportional to its momentum

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Answer:

Gas Pressure

Explanation:

Gas pressure is caused by the force exerted by gas molecules colliding with the surfaces of objects (Figure 5.2. 1). Although the force of each collision is very small, any surface of appreciable area experiences a large number of collisions in a short time, which can result in a high pressure.

Answer:

Collisions

Explanation:

It says that it was the answer.

The given statement is true that acid-catalysed dehydration of 2,2-dimethylcyclohexanol yields, in part, isopropylidenecyclopentane.
In the acid-catalysed dehydration of 2,2-dimethylcyclohexanol, one of the products formed is isopropylidenecyclopentane. This is because during the reaction, the hydroxyl (-OH) group of the dimethylcyclohexanol molecule is removed, leaving behind a carbocation intermediate.

This intermediate then undergoes a rearrangement to form the isopropylidenecyclopentane product. It is important to note that this is only one of the products that can be formed during this reaction. Other products may include various alkenes, depending on the reaction conditions and the content loaded. Overall, this reaction is an important example of acid-catalysed dehydration, which is a common chemical process used in various industries to produce a wide range of organic compounds.

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The big bang is characterized by an expanding universe.

The scientists hold the theory that the universe is the result of a massive explosion that marked the beginning of the universe. Since the big bang, matter has been spreading.

Hence, one thing that has become associated with the big bang is the idea of an expanding universe.

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The colors seen on the surface of gasoline are primarily the result of a phenomenon called thin-film interference. This occurs when light waves reflect off both the top and bottom surfaces of the thin gasoline layer, causing the reflected waves to interfere with each other.

The resulting chemical colors depend on the thickness of the gasoline film and the angle at which the light is observed.

The colors seen on the surface of gasoline are primarily the result of thin-film interference. When light enters the surface of gasoline, some of it is reflected off the top of the liquid, while some of it enters the liquid and reflects off the bottom surface of the liquid. These two waves of light can interfere with each other, causing some wavelengths of light to cancel out while others reinforce. This interference produces the characteristic rainbow-like colors seen on the surface of gasoline. The exact colors seen can depend on a variety of factors, including the thickness of the liquid, the angle of incidence of the light, and the composition of the gasoline.  

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The substance in the image above would be classified as a mixture of elements (option E).

A compound is a substance formed by chemical bonding of two or more elements in definite proportions by weight.

On the other hand, a mixture is made when two or more substances are combined, but they are not combined chemically.

According to this question, an image is shown with two different substances or elements as distinguished by coloration (white and purple). These elements are combined but not chemically bonded, hence, is a mixture.

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Answer:

6.31x10¹¹s⁻¹ = Frequency

Explanation:

To convert frequency to energy or vice versa we must use the equation:

e = h*f

Where e is energy in joules (4.18x10⁻²²J)

h is Planck's constant (6.626x10⁻³⁴Js)

Replacing:

4.18x10⁻²²J = 6.626x10⁻³⁴Js*f

Answer:

Liquid

Explanation:

Liquid

Answer:

Gas

Explanation:

Gas takes the shape and volume of its container because it doesn't have a definite shape or volume.

Liquid is wrong because it takes the shape of its container, but has a definite volume.

Gas is wrong because it has a definite shape and volume.

Crystal is definitely wrong.

Answer:

5.7e-5

Explanation:

\(\frac{0.057}{1000} \\= 5.7\times 10^-5 km\)

0.057 meters is equivalent to 0.000057 kilometers.

The metric system is a decimal-based system of measurement where prefixes are used to indicate different magnitudes of the base unit. In the case of length or distance, the base unit is the meter (m), and the prefix "kilo-" represents a factor of 1000.

To convert a smaller unit, such as meters, to a larger unit, such as kilometers, we divide by the appropriate conversion factor, divide by 1000 since there are 1000 meters in 1 kilometer.

To convert meters (m) to kilometers (km), divide the value in meters by 1000 since there are 1000 meters in 1 kilometer.

Given that we want to convert 0.057 m to km, calculate it as follows:

0.057 m ÷ 1000 = 0.000057 km

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Tinctures are the antimicrobial solutions with alcohol or water -alcohol mixtures as the solvent.

A tincture reveals the presence of something. It is extracted from plants in an alcohol solution. Specific proportions of water, alcohol, and dissolved plant material make up tinctures. The ratios vary depending on the plant we're using and what we want to extract. The alcohol functions in two ways: first, as a preservative, and second, as a solvent that draws "constituents"—compounds—from the plant.

The alcohol being utilized is food-grade alcohol. Its scientific name is ethanol, sometimes known as ethyl alcohol, and it is the same substance found in beer, wine, and all other alcoholic beverages in your liquor cabinet. Herbal tinctures use alcohol because it is an excellent solvent for herbs. Alcohol is also used as preservatives. Example; Tincture of iodine in solution of iodine in alcohol

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To neutralize all the phosphoric acid, you would need to weigh out a certain amount of sodium carbonate. The balanced equation for the reaction between phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) and sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) is:

2 H₃PO₄ + 3 Na₂CO₃ → 6 H₂O + Na₃PO₄ + 3 CO₂

To determine the amount of sodium carbonate needed, we need to consider the weight percentage of H₃PO₄ and the stoichiometric ratio between H₃PO₄ and Na₂CO₃.

To calculate the amount of sodium carbonate needed to neutralize all the phosphoric acid

1. Calculate the amount of H₃PO₄: If the phosphoric acid is 85% H₃PO₄ by weight, this means that 85 grams of every 100 grams of the acid is H₃PO₄. Therefore, if we have a certain mass of phosphoric acid, we can determine the mass of H₃PO₄ by multiplying it by 0.85.

2. Convert the mass of H₃PO₄ to moles: To determine the stoichiometric ratio between H₃PO₄ and Na₂CO₃, we need to convert the mass of H₃PO₄ to moles. This is done by dividing the mass of H₃PO₄ by its molar mass, which can be calculated by adding the atomic masses of hydrogen (H), phosphorus (P), and oxygen (O) in H₃PO₄.

3. Use the stoichiometric ratio: From the balanced equation, we can see that 2 moles of H₃PO₄ react with 3 moles of Na₂CO₃. This means that the stoichiometric ratio between H₃PO₄ and Na₂CO₃ is 2:3.

4. Calculate the amount of Na₂CO₃: Multiply the moles of H₃PO₄ by the stoichiometric ratio. This will give us the moles of Na₂CO₃ needed to neutralize the given amount of H₃PO₄.

5. Convert moles to grams: Finally, multiply the moles of Na₂CO₃ by its molar mass to calculate the mass of Na₂CO₃ needed.

By following these steps, we can determine the amount of sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) that should be weighed out to neutralize all the phosphoric acid.

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The distinctive colors of specific elements when used in  fireworks owes to electrons moving from an excited energy state to the ground state.

Neils Bohr in his atomic model postulated that electrons in atoms are found in energy levels. Each energy level corresponds to a fixed amount of energy.

The lowest energy level in the atom is called the ground state and higher energy levels are called excited states.

When an electron receives energy, it can move from a ground state to excited state.

This excess energy is given out as visible light of a characteristic wavelength or color when the electron is moving from an excited energy state to the ground state.

This accounts for the distinctive colors of specific elements when used in

fireworks.

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Answer:

112 kelvin

Explanation:

Volume = 4.00L

no of moles = 0.297

Pressure = 0.910 atm

Temperature = ?

Given our R (Molar gas constant ) = 0.082

Given the following parameters , This question is based on IDEAL GAS LAW.

IDEAL GAS LAW = PV =nRT

\(PV = nRT\\Lets make T the subject of the formula\\T = \frac{PV}{nR} T = \frac{ 0.910 * 4.00}{0.397*0.082 }\\\\T = 3.64/0.032554\\T = 111.8142\\T = 112 Kelvin\\\)

Answer:

V₂ = 1.17 L

Explanation:

Given data:

Initial volume of balloon = 1.25 L

Initial temperature = 35°C

Final temperature = 15°C

Final volume = ?

Solution:

Initial temperature = 35°C (35+273.15K = 308.15 K)

Final temperature = 15°C (15+273.15 K = 288.15 K)

The given problem will be solve through the Charles Law.

Mathematical expression:

V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂

V₁ = Initial volume

T₁ = Initial temperature

V₂ = Final volume  

T₂ = Final temperature

Now we will put the values in formula.

V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂

V₂ = V₁T₂/T₁  

V₂ = 1.25 L × 288.15 K / 308.15 k

V₂ = 360.2  L.K / 308.15 k

V₂ = 1.17 L

In electrolysis the flow of electrons occurs from Anode (Positively Charged electrode) towards Cathode (Negatively charged electrode).

Therefore Diagram A shows the correct flow of electron in an electrolysis

Chemical decomposition produced by passing an electric current through a Electrolytic (Salt) solution containing ions.

Anode is located at the left hand side of the electrolytic cell where as cathode is located at the right hand side of the electrolytic cell.  

Therefore, In the given diagrams, Diagram A follows the above mentioned pattern.

Hence, It shows the correct direction of electron flow in an electrolytic cell.

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Answer:

A: 2.525 x 10-4 mol

B: 2.583 x 10-4 mol

Explanation:

Part A:

Data Given:

. Temperature of water (H2O) = 21.3°C

Convert Temperature to Kelvin

T = °C + 273

T = 21.3 + 273 = 294.3 K

volume of (H2O) gaseous state = 5.1 mL

Convert mL to liter

1000 mL = 1L

5.1 ml = 5.1/1000 = 0.0051 L

Pressure = 1.2 atm

. no. of moles = ?

Solution

no. of moles can be calculated by using ideal gas formula

PV = nRT

Rearrange the equation for no. of moles

n=PV/RT......... (1)

where

P = pressure

V = Volume

T= Temperature

n = Number of moles

R = ideal gas constant

where

R = 0.08206 L.atm/ mol. K

Now put the value in formula (1) to calculate no. of moles of

n = 1.2 atm x 0.0051 L / 0.08206 L.atm.mol-1. K-1 x 294.3 K

n = 0.0061 atm.L / 24.162 L.atm.mol-1

n = 2.525 x 10-4 mol

no. of moles of gas (H2O) = 2.525 x 10-4 mol

Part B:

Data Given:

Temperature of water (H2) = 21.3°C

Convert Temperature to Kelvin

T = "C + 273

T= 21.3 + 273 = 294.3 K

volume of (H2) gas = 5.2 mL

Convert mL to liter

1000 mL = 1 L

5.2 ml = 5.2/1000 = 0.0052 L

Pressure = 1.2 atm

. no. of moles = ?

Solution

no. of moles can be calculated by using ideal gas formula

PV = nRT

Rearrange the equation for no. of moles

n= PV / RT......... (1)

where

P = pressure

V = Volume

T= Temperature

n = Number of moles

R = ideal gas constant

where

R = 0.08206 L.atm/mol. K

Now put the value in formula (1) to calculate no. of moles of

n = 1.2 atm x 0.0052 L/0.08206 L.atm.mol-1. K-1 x 294.3 K

n = 0.0062 atm.L/ 24.162 L.atm.mol-1

n = 2.583 x 10-4 mol

I

no. of moles of gas (H2) = 2.583 x 10-4 mol

1 mole of a gas at STP occupies 22.4 L volume

Now the volume is given =78.4 therefore,

No. of moles of gas = 78.4 ÷ 22.4 = 3.5 moles

I hope it helps you~

Answer:

sidjnfjdueirb sidisjsiwijejdkdodif

The pure compound that is dissolved in distilled water because it has an ionic charge.

A chemical compound is made up of many identical molecules that are formed from atoms of more than one element and are joined together by chemical bonds. Not all compounds, however, are created equal. When ionic and covalent compounds dissolve in water, they undergo different reactions.

When a solute dissolves, it's own individual atoms, molecules, as well as ions interact with both the solvent, are becoming solvated, and are free to move throughout the solution. This isn't however, a one-way street. If the molecule or ion comes into contact with the surface of an undissolved solute particle, this could adhere to a particle in a process known as crystallization. Dissolution and crystallization continue as long as there is excess solid present, resulting in a dynamic equilibrium similar to the equilibrium that maintains a liquid's vapor pressure.

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The type of hybrid orbitals on the central atom in a molecule with bond angles of 109.5° between the atoms is sp3 (option C)

Hybrid orbitals are a combination of two or more atomic orbitals that create a new hybrid orbital with different properties. The type of hybrid orbital depends on the number of atomic orbitals that are combined. In the case of sp3 hybrid orbitals, four atomic orbitals (one s orbital and three p orbitals) are combined to create four new hybrid orbitals. These sp3 hybrid orbitals have a tetrahedral shape with bond angles of 109.5° between the atoms. Therefore, if a molecule has bond angles of 109.5° between the atoms, it indicates that the central atom has sp3 hybrid orbitals. (option C)

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The main reservoirs of the carbon cycle are the atmosphere, oceans, land (including vegetation and soils), and fossil fuels. In these reservoirs, carbon exists in both inorganic and organic forms.

The inorganic carbon cycle involves the exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) between the atmosphere and oceans through processes like photosynthesis and respiration.

Organic carbon, on the other hand, is found in living organisms, dead organic matter, and soil organic matter. It is cycled through processes such as decomposition and consumption by organisms. The interactions between the inorganic and organic carbon cycles occur primarily in the biosphere, where photosynthesis converts inorganic carbon into organic carbon compounds. While inorganic carbon is primarily in the form of CO2, organic carbon is present in complex organic molecules. Both forms of carbon play crucial roles in energy transfer, nutrient cycling, and climate regulation.

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a) The optical rotation of the sample would likely be affected by the presence of the (1r)-( )-camphor, as it would change the overall chirality of the mixture. The exact effect would depend on the specific concentrations of the various stereoisomers present.

b) The % distribution calculated for the isoborneol-borneol mixture would also be affected by the presence of the (1r)-( )-camphor. As the mixture is contaminated by a small amount of (1r)-( )-camphor it would change the ratio of isoborneol to borneol, which would lead to an incorrect calculation of the % distribution.

The presence of camphor, particularly if it is not completely reduced, can have a significant impact on the properties and characterization of the isoborneol-borneol mixture. As mentioned earlier, it can affect the optical rotation and the percentage distribution of the mixture, leading to inaccurate results. Additionally, camphor can also affect the purity and yield of the final product, and may interfere with downstream applications or processes that use the isoborneol-borneol mixture.

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Answer:liters

Explanation: