extinction is defined as eliminating a previously learned behavior by withholding reinforcement. True or false?
Answers
True, extinction is eliminating a learned behavior by withholding reinforcement.
Valid. Termination is a conduct rule in which a formerly scholarly way of behaving is wiped out or diminished in recurrence by keeping the support that recently kept up with it. For instance, on the off chance that a canine was prepared to sit in return for a treat, and the treat is not generally given when the canine sits, the way of behaving of sitting may ultimately diminish or vanish out and out through the course of elimination. This guideline is many times utilized in change in behavior patterns projects to kill undesirable ways of behaving and to urge new ones to have their spot. It is critical to take note of that the course of eradication can at first lead to an expansion in the recurrence or power of the way of behaving, which is known as an elimination burst, before it in the end diminishes.
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False. Extinction is a term used in behavioral psychology to describe the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a previously learned behavior.
It occurs when the previously reinforced behavior is no longer followed by the reinforcing consequence, resulting in a decrease in the frequency of the behavior over time. However, extinction does not necessarily involve the withholding of reinforcement. Rather, it involves the lack of reinforcement or the removal of the reinforcing consequence that previously maintained the behavior. In some cases, extinction may involve the withholding of reinforcement, but it can also occur when reinforcement is simply no longer provided.
For example, if a child is used to receiving a reward for completing their homework, but the reward is suddenly removed, the behavior of completing homework may gradually decrease over time as a result of extinction. In this case, the reinforcing consequence (the reward) has been removed, but it was not necessarily withheld.
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Related Questions
When populations are isolated, even for a short time, mutation at loci with epistatic interactions that are adaptive in their own unique combinations in different environments can __________(one or more words)_________________ in the hybrids when they come back into contact.
Answers
When populations are isolated, even for a short time, mutations at loci with epistatic interactions that are adaptive in their own unique combinations in different environments can lead to "genotype-environment mismatch" in the hybrids when they come back into contact.
Epistatic interactions occur when the effect of one gene depends on the presence or absence of another gene. When populations are isolated, genetic mutations can accumulate independently in each population, particularly at loci (specific locations on a chromosome) with epistatic interactions. These mutations can be adaptive in their respective environments, allowing each population to thrive in their specific conditions.
However, when isolated populations come back into contact, such as through migration or human-induced mixing, the hybrids resulting from the interbreeding may experience a "genotype-environment mismatch." This occurs because the combinations of mutations that were adaptive in their respective isolated populations may no longer be advantageous in the newly mixed environment.
The mismatch between the genetic makeup of the hybrids and the environmental conditions can lead to reduced fitness and decreased adaptability. It may take several generations for natural selection to favor new combinations of genes that are better adapted to the new environment or for genetic recombination to occur, creating novel combinations that are more advantageous.
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write 2 sentences about the Immune System
Answers
The immune system includes white blood cells and organs and tissues of the lymph system, such as the thymus, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and bone marrow.
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Q.1 Which process results in two daughters cells each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell?
A) meiosis
B) mitosis
C) photosynthesis
D) cytokines
Q.2 DNA contains all of the genetic information for a cell and is often called the?
A) architect of the cell
B) blueprint for the cell
C) powerhouse of the cell
D) control center of the cell
Answers
Answer:
mitosis
Explanation:
Mitosis Definition:
a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.
Which of the following is (are) true for alleles?
A. They can be identical or different for any given gene in a somatic cell.
B. They can be dominant or recessive.
C. They can represent alternative forms of a gene.
D. Only B and C are correct.
Answers
Answer:
.....,........,.,...
Answer:
D. Only B and C are correct.
Explanation:
An allele is an alternative form of a gene that can occur at a specific location on a chromosome. Alleles can be either dominant or recessive, meaning that they can express themselves in the phenotype (observable characteristics) of an organism either over or under the influence of another allele for the same gene. Alleles can also represent alternative forms of a gene, with each allele encoding a slightly different version of the protein or enzyme that the gene codes for.
All of these statements are true for alleles. However, the option "They can be identical or different for any given gene in a somatic cell" is not true. Alleles are present in pairs in a somatic cell, with one copy inherited from each parent. These two alleles may be identical or different, depending on the gene in question.
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Which of the following forms of plant reproduction is likely to produce a new plant that is different from the parent plant?
Answers
Explanation: Sexual reproduction produces offspring by the fusion of gametes, resulting in offspring genetically different from the parent or parents. While Asexual reproduction produces new individuals without the fusion of gametes, genetically identical to the parent plants and each other, except when mutations occur. Therefore, it is Sexual reproduction.
Answer:
Sexual Reproduction
Explanation:
Asexual reproduction is when the parent reproduces by its self and the offspring that comes from it has the same genes as the parent and sexual reproduction is when the off spring has different genes because there are more than 2 parents so if the plant is different and my child looks different from me and i sexually reproduced with someone that means the plant has been sexually reproduced.(can i get brainliest)
The __ of the element always start with capital letter.
The Only non--metal that is a good conductor of heat and electricity is___
Answers
Answer:
Graphite
Explanation:
How is the process of translation essential for the regular functions in a
living thing? (HS-LS1-1) *
a.Translation is a process where the cell changes DNA into RNA
b.Translation is a process where the cell uses DNA to create viruses
c.Translation is a process where the cell uses DNA to create proteins
d.Translation is a process where the cell changes DNA into bacteria used for digestion
Other:
Answers
Answer:
I think the answer is A I think
Analyse how plastics has become one of the major contributors to this problem?
Answers
Plastics have become one of the major contributors to environmental problems due to their widespread use and improper disposal. Plastics are synthetic polymers derived from petrochemicals, and their production has increased exponentially over the past few decades. This increased production, combined with the durability and resistance of plastics to natural degradation, has led to their accumulation in the environment.
Plastics contribute to environmental issues in several ways. First, their production involves the extraction of fossil fuels and the release of greenhouse gases, contributing to climate change.
Additionally, plastics are often used for single-use purposes, such as packaging and disposable products, leading to a significant amount of waste generation.
Improper disposal of plastics, such as littering or inadequate recycling, results in plastic waste entering water bodies, soil, and ecosystems.
Plastic pollution poses various hazards to wildlife and ecosystems. Marine animals, such as seabirds, turtles, and marine mammals, can ingest or become entangled in plastic debris, leading to injury or death.
Plastics also break down into smaller fragments called microplastics, which can be consumed by marine organisms and enter the food chain, potentially impacting human health.
To address the plastic pollution problem, initiatives focusing on reducing plastic consumption, promoting recycling and waste management, and developing sustainable alternatives to plastic are crucial.
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To investigate the influence of low soil water availability on photosynthesis, Klaus Winter and Joseph Holtum (2014) subjected a potted Clusia pratensis plant ...
Answers
To investigate the influence of low soil water availability on photosynthesis, Klaus Winter and Joseph Holtum (2014) subjected a potted Clusia pratensis plant to low soil water availability.
Photosynthesis is a process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of carbon dioxide and water. The Clusia pratensis is a tree species that is native to tropical regions of South America. It is an important source of food and water for animals in these regions. In a study conducted by Klaus Winter and Joseph Holtum (2014), they subjected a potted Clusia pratensis plant to low soil water availability to investigate the influence of low soil water availability on photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is a process that requires water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight to produce glucose. The glucose is then converted into energy that is used by the plant. In low soil water availability conditions, the plant may not have enough water to undergo photosynthesis. This can lead to a decrease in the plant's growth rate and productivity.In conclusion, low soil water availability can have a negative effect on photosynthesis and plant productivity. The study conducted by Klaus Winter and Joseph Holtum (2014) on a potted Clusia pratensis plant is a good example of this.
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Why is it so important that all of the chromosomes align on the metaphase plate during metaphase?
Answers
Chromosomes aligning on the metaphase plate during metaphase stage is essential for mitotic fidelity.
During the mitosis - metaphase, chromosomes align at the spindle equator to establish a metaphase plate.
Microtubules are responsible for moving Chromosomes to the metaphase plate. During Prometaphase, microtubules grow into a region around the Chromosomes until they find a Kinetochore.
Upon arrangement, the two kinetochores on each chromosome, (one for each sister chromatid) with spindle fibers attached to them, are vital to force the cell into anaphase stage.
The correct alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate is crucial for the propagation of proper cell division.
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Which kind of trees are tropical forests likely to have?
A. Coniferous
B. Saguaro
C. deciduous
D. Broadleaf
Answers
Tropical forests are likely to have broadleaf trees. These trees are also known as angiosperms and are characterized by their large, flat leaves. Broadleaf trees are very common in tropical forests due to the warm and humid climate, which provides ideal growing conditions for this type of tree. They are able to photosynthesize efficiently in the low light conditions of the forest floor, which allows them to thrive in the dense canopy of the forest. Coniferous trees are typically found in cooler climates and tend to have needle-like leaves. Saguaro cacti are found in deserts and not in tropical forests. Deciduous trees, which lose their leaves in the winter, may be found in some tropical forests, but broadleaf trees are generally the dominant type.
write a short story (at least a paragraph and a half long) explaining the rock cycle
Answers
The Rock Cycle is a group of changes. Igneous rock can change into sedimentary rock or into metamorphic rock. Sedimentary rock can change into metamorphic rock or into igneous rock. Metamorphic rock can change into igneous or sedimentary rock.
Igneous rock forms when magma cools and makes crystals. Magma is a hot liquid made of melted minerals. The minerals can form crystals when they cool. Igneous rock can form underground, where the magma cools slowly. Or, igneous rock can form above ground, where the magma cools quickly.
The Rock Cycle
by _________________
The rock cycle is a process in which rocks are continuously transformed between the three rock types igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic .Conversion to metamorphic rocks requires conditions of increased temperature and/or increased pressure, conversion to sedimentary rocks occurs via the intermediate stage of sediments, and conversion to igneous rocks occurs via the intermediate stage of magma. Increased temperature and pressure occurs in subduction zones and in areas where two plates of continental lithosphere collide to produce a mountain range, while increased pressure without increased temperature is produced when sedimentary rocks are deeply buried under more sediments. Sediments are produced when rocks are uplifted, weathered and eroded, and the resulting detrital material deposited in marine or terrestrial basins. If the sediments are buried under further layers of sediment, they can become lithified to produce a sedimentary rock. Magma is produced when rocks are melted. This melting can occur when a lithospheric plate descends into the Earth’s crust at a subduction zone, or when a mid-ocean ridge opens up and produces decompression melting in the athenosphere under the ridge. When the magma solidifies, it becomes an igneous rock.
The rock cycle has many alternative pathways. The following diagram illustrates one of these and gives an indication of the plate tectonic setting where it occurs:
In fruit flies normal wings(W) is dominant over vestigial wings(w)the result of a cross of two fruit flies give the following result normal wings 793,vestigial wing 811 what are genotype of parents of the f1 generation offspring use a punnett square to improve your answer
Answers
The Punnett square shows that the offspring of this cross will have a 50/50 chance of inheriting either the WW or Ww genotype, and a 50/50 chance of inheriting either the wW or ww genotype.
How did we get this assertion?To determine the genotype of the parent fruit flies, we can create a Punnett square. Assuming that each parent contributes one allele to the offspring, a possible Punnett square for this cross is:
| W | w
--|----|--
w | WW | Ww
w | WW | Ww
The result of the cross shows that there are 793 offspring with normal wings (WW or Ww genotype) and 811 offspring with vestigial wings (wW or ww genotype). Since the normal wings are dominant, the only possible explanation for the appearance of vestigial wings is if at least one of the parents had the ww genotype.
Therefore, the genotype of the parent fruit flies is likely one normal-winged (WW) and one vestigial-winged (ww) individual. The Punnett square shows that the offspring of this cross will have a 50/50 chance of inheriting either the WW or Ww genotype, and a 50/50 chance of inheriting either the wW or ww genotype.
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Path Of A Nerve Impulse
I Need to Fill In the Blanks
The telephone rings. Nerve impulses begin when in the ear picks up the stimulus of the telephone ringing
↓
The nerve impulse moves to __________ in the brain. The __________ interprets the impulses and decides to answer the phone.
↓
Nerve impulses from the brain move to __________. The muscles contract in response, and you pick up the telephone.
Answers
The telephone rings. Nerve impulses begin when the nerves in the ear picks up the stimulus of the telephone ringing.
The nerve impulse moves to neurons in the brain. The brain interprets the impulses and decides to answer the phone.
Nerve impulses from the brain move to arm muscle. The muscles contract in response, and you pick up the telephone.
What are nerve impulses?Nerve impulses are described as electrical signal that travels along a nerve fiber in response to a stimulus and serves to transmit a record of sensation from a receptor or an instruction to act to an effector.
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Science
16. The students decide to investigate how the mass of each marble affects its kinetic
energy. The students will roll each marble down the first hill on the track. They will
then compare the results for the kinetic energy of both the ceramic marble and the
steel marble.
Which figure best compares the kinetic energy of each marble when the marbles
roll down the hill on the track?
Answers
The figure best compares the kinetic energy of each marble when the marble roll down the hill on the track is B.
To determine which figure best compares the kinetic energy of each marble (ceramic and steel) when they roll down the hill on the track, we need to consider the kinetic energy formula: KE = 0.5 × m × v². In this case, each marble's mass (m) affects the kinetic energy. The figure should show a comparison between the ceramic and steel marbles with respect to their mass and resulting kinetic energy. Figure B shows that the marble with a greater mass will have a higher kinetic energy if both marbles have the same velocity.
Your question is incomplete, but most probably your figures can be seen in the Attachment.
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is it likely that rna molecules functioned as ribozymes to synthesize dna from aminoacids, and that this role was reversed when dna became the information source?
Answers
RNA molecules do not synthesize DNA from amino acids, but they can serve as ribozymes in the reverse transcription of RNA to DNA, and they play a crucial role in protein synthesis as part of the ribosome.
The RNA molecule acts as a template for synthesizing DNA through reverse transcription, which is an RNA-dependent DNA synthesis reaction. RNA molecules may also serve as ribozymes in this scenario. Ribozymes are RNA molecules that function as enzymes, catalyzing various chemical reactions in the cell, just like enzymes made up of proteins. Some ribozymes can use RNA templates to synthesize new RNA molecules, while others can use RNA templates to synthesize DNA molecules.Since DNA contains genetic material and information, it became the primary source of genetic information in organisms, while RNA remained involved in catalyzing biochemical reactions. The RNA world hypothesis suggests that RNA preceded DNA in early life on Earth, serving both as genetic material and a catalyst for the formation of other molecules necessary for life.
The discovery of ribozymes has provided evidence that RNA may have played an even more prominent role in early life than previously thought. RNA molecules do not synthesize DNA from amino acids. Instead, ribosomes, which are made up of RNA and proteins, synthesize proteins from amino acids. RNA templates are used by ribosomes to direct the assembly of amino acids into the appropriate order to produce a functional protein. In summary, RNA molecules do not synthesize DNA from amino acids, but they can serve as ribozymes in the reverse transcription of RNA to DNA, and they play a crucial role in protein synthesis as part of the ribosome.
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A mutation may be passed along to human offspring
Answers
Answer:
true
Explanation:
Answer:
B) Through meiosis only
Explanation:
A. is incorrect as mitosis only is responsible for your own body, not the genes of an offspring.
C. is incorrect as mitosis cannot affect the offspring
D. is incorrect as meiosis is responsible for the process of offspring (gametes) if there is something wrong with the gametes during the process, the offspring would most likely be affected.
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The smallest contractile unit within skeletal muscle would correspond to the distance between which two points in the figure?
Answers
The distance between 1 and 7 spans a sarcomere correspond the structure at B is covered by the perimysium.
What is the smallest contractile unit within skeletal muscle?A sarcomere comprises the segment between two consecutive Z lines and is the contractile unit of the muscle fiber, as it is the smallest portion of the muscle fiber capable of contraction and distension.
In this case, the distance between points 1 and 7 has the smallest structure of a skeletal muscle and corresponds to figure B.
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☺️☺️☺️ a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
"the marine ecosystem of the northern Gulf had suffered irreparable damage"
(in general use) a complex network or interconnected system.
"Silicon Valley's entrepreneurial ecosystem"
Answers
Answer: hmmmmmm no clue
Explanation: yeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeet
How will the ice water mix with the salty water? Write your hypothesis below.
Answers
Answer:
See below.
Explanation:
The actual reason that the application of salt causes ice to melt is that a solution of water and dissolved salt has a lower freezing point than pure water. Ice in contact with salty water therefore melts, creating more liquid water, which dissolves more salt, thereby causing more ice to melt, and so on.
Answer: I think that the ice will go slower because salt slows down the rate of which Its melt, so the ice would last longer
Explanation:
at which location should one find the lowest concentration of fungal enzymes, assuming that the enzymes do not diffuse far from their source and that no other fungi are present in this habitat?
Answers
The lowest concentration of fungal enzymes in a habitat can be found at the greatest distance from the source, where environmental conditions are unfavourable and substrate availability is limited.
In a habitat where fungal enzymes are present, the lowest concentration of these enzymes would likely be found at the furthest distance from the fungal source, assuming that the enzymes do not diffuse far from their origin and that no other fungi are present in the area. In this situation, the enzymes' concentration decreases as one moves away from the fungus due to limited diffusion. Factors such as environmental conditions, substrate availability, and competition from other microorganisms can also influence enzyme distribution.
Fungal enzymes play essential roles in breaking down organic matter and recycling nutrients in ecosystems. These enzymes are secreted by fungi as they grow and reproduce, and their concentration is highest near the active fungal colony or fruiting body. As enzymes are specialized proteins, they have specific target substrates and require optimal conditions to function effectively.
To find the location with the lowest concentration of fungal enzymes, one should look for areas with limited organic matter or substrates for the enzymes to act upon. Additionally, locations with unfavourable conditions, such as extreme temperatures or pH levels, can also have lower concentrations due to reduced enzyme activity.
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Why is DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus ideal for PCR?
It can synthesize DNA 5' to 3' and 3' to 5'.
It does not require primers.
It can withstand the high temperatures associated with PCR.
It does not require energy to polymerize DNA.
Answers
DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus, also known as Taq polymerase, is ideal for PCR because it can withstand the high temperatures required for the process without denaturing or becoming inactive.
DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus, also known as Taq polymerase, is ideal for PCR because it can withstand the high temperatures required for the process without denaturing or becoming inactive.
This allows for repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension during PCR. Taq polymerase can also synthesize DNA in the 5' to 3' direction, which is the direction needed for DNA replication and PCR amplification. However, Taq polymerase does require primers to initiate DNA synthesis, and like all DNA polymerases, it requires energy in the form of nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) to polymerize DNA.
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What is the purpose of the digestive system?
1. Create energy
2. Swallow food
3. Break down food so nutrients can be absorbed
Answers
Answer:
3. Break down food so nutrients can be absorbed
Explanation:
the reasoning is when you digest something your body is breaking down the food into small chuncks so that the nutrients can be absorbed easier
not #2 - your mouth swallows not your digestive system
Which of the following is NOT a Scientific Theory?
A. Electricity
B. Gravity
C. Evolution
D. Intelligent Design
Answers
Answer: Option D. Intelligent design is not a Scientific Theory
Explanation:
Scientific theories, such as electricity, gravity, and evolution, are well-established explanations for natural phenomena. These scientific theories are supported by empirical evidence, undergo rigorous testing, and are widely accepted in the scientific community. Scientific theories provide a proper framework for predicting and understanding various aspects of the physical world. These theories are often proposed and theorized by great scientists.
While on the other hand, intelligent design does not meet the criteria of a scientific theory. It posits the existence of an intelligent creator or designer, the main issue that differentiates it from scientific theories is that it lacks empirical evidence and does not undergo scientific testing and verification.
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Answer: D
Explanation:
Intelligent design is not a scientific theory where as the others have all been tested and proved.
It is found that different enzymes have different temperatures at which they work best as shown in the graph. For example, the Enzyme 1 shown is found in humans and is active at 37 degrees C, the human body temperature. What can we say about Enzyme 2?
Answers
Answer: It could have a temperature difference or could be the same temperature
Explanation:
If all enzymes work at different temperatures some enzymes might work at 38 degrees C or 37 degrees c etc.
Based on the information provided, it can be inferred that Enzyme 2 is most active at a temperature different from 37 degrees Celsius, the body temperature of humans.
What is enzyme activity?Enzyme activity refers to the ability of an enzyme to catalyze a chemical reaction. Enzymes are proteins that facilitate chemical reactions in the body, and they do so by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. This allows the reaction to proceed more quickly and efficiently.
Enzyme activity can be affected by various factors, including temperature, pH, and the presence of specific substrates or inhibitors. Different enzymes have optimal temperatures at which they function most efficiently, and these can vary widely depending on the enzyme and the organism in which it is found.
Some enzymes are more stable and can function over a wide range of temperatures, while others are less stable and may be denatured or become inactive at higher or lower temperatures
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A 43-year-old Caucasian man with a 20-year history of bipolar disorder presents for the first time with long-term polyuria and polydipsia. He previously took lithium for mood stabilization for 15 years before initiating divalproex sodium therapy. He stopped using lithium because of the polyuria, but he felt that the polyuria never fully subsided. His weight is stable, and he has no other urinary complaints. His blood pressure is 115/80 mmHg and his physical exam is normal. His urinalysis shows no blood, cells, protein, glucose, nitrate, casts, or crystals.
What is the most likely cause of his polyuria?
1 Central diabetes insipidus
2 Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
3 Polyuria secondary to hyperglycemia
4 Polyuria following acute kidney injury
5 Polyuria secondary to polydipsia
Answers
Answer:
The correct option is 2 Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
Explanation:
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) occurs when the renal tubule response to vasopressin (ADH) is weakened, resulting in the excretion of large volumes of dilute urine.
As the renal tubules do not respond to vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) and are unable to reabsorb filtered water back into the body, the kidneys create a high volume of dilute urine in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) can be inherited or develop as a result of disorders that impede the ability of the kidneys to concentrate.
Therefore, the correct option is 2 Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
That is, the most likely cause of his polyuria is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
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Which describes the role of oxygen in photosynthesis?
It is a reactant, so it is released by the plant.
It is a product, so it is released by the plant.
It is a reactant, so it enters the plant.
It is a product so it enters the plant.
Answers
Answer:
b/second option
Explanation:
It is a product, so it is released by the plant.
plants collect co2 and release oxygen.
Hope this helps!
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Took test on Edg
Acadiana Cinema 7 charges a special admission price for adults and a lower admission price for children. The total admission price for a group of 2 seniors and 9 children is $36. The total admission price for a group of 4 seniors and 6 adults is $30. What are the admission prices a senior and an adult?
Answers
Answer:
Children = 2.25 ; Adult = 3.5
Explanation:
Given that :
Admission prices :
Let :
Senior fees = x
Children fees = y
2x + 9y = 36 - - - - - (1)
4x + 6y = 30 - - - - - (2)
Multiply (1) by 2 and (2) by 1
4x + 18y = 72 - - - (3)
4x + 6y = 30 - - - (4)
Subtract 4 from 3
12y = 42
y = 42 /12
y = 3.5
Put y = 3.5 in (2)
4x + 6(3.5) = 30
4x + 21 = 30
4x = 30 - 21
4x = 9
x = 9/4
x = 2.25
Children = 2.25 ; Adult = 3.5
The tearing of a muscle during vigorous activity is called a sprain? True or false
Answers
Answer:
true
Explanation:
Which of the following would you experience if you could travel from the outer core to the inner core? A: a change from solid to liquid. B: an increase in temperature. C: a change from liquid to gas. D: a decrease in temperature.
Answers
Answer:
B
Explanation:
If you could travel from the outer core to the inner core, the change you are most likely to experience will be an increase in temperature.