During the early days of the supercontinent of Pangea biodiversity was low; the
landscape was covered with ferns and pines. What evolutionary advantage did the
creation of flowers give to flowering plants and how did this increase biodiversity?

Plsss the following question in 50 words or more!!!

A cognitive skill which have not been displayed by animals is: D. Using syntax.

A cognitive skill is also referred to as cognitive ability and it can be defined as a brain-based skill that is required by a living organism for the manipulation of information, acquisition of knowledge, reasoning and performance of various tasks from the simplest to the most complex.

Some examples of the cognitive skills that have been displayed by animals include the following:

However, animals do not speak words or have a spoken language and as such they do not have the cognitive skill to use syntax.

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Answer:

It’s D

Explanation:

On edge 2022

Isotopes are different forms from the same element, they have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons in their nuclei, this makes them have different atomic mass, altough their chemical properties remain the same.

Helium contains 2 protons, 2 electrons, and 2 neutrons.

Of the listed options, only c. has a different number of neutrons than the described atom. So this option represents an Isotope of Helium.

The structure in chlorarachniophytes which provides evidence that they evolved through the endosymbiosis of a green alga by a heterotrophic eukaryote is c. nucleomorph.

The Chlorarachniophytes, a community of photosynthetic unicellular organisms, are an intriguing group of organisms. The endosymbiotic acquisition of a green alga by a heterotrophic eukaryote is evidenced by the presence of chloroplasts that are surrounded by four membranes.

Nucleomorphs are small vestigial nuclei that are found in some algae. In some algae, such as the Chlorarachniophytes and Cryptophytes, nucleomorphs are a result of secondary endosymbiosis, where a eukaryotic cell engulfed another eukaryotic cell that had already engulfed a red or green alga (primary endosymbiosis) in the past.

Hence, the correct answer sis Option C.

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The expected frequencies of genotypes AA, Aa, and aa in this population are 0.3025, 0.495, and 0.2025, respectively in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

To find the expected frequencies of genotypes AA, Aa, and aa in a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with a frequency of allele a equal to 0.45, you can use the Hardy-Weinberg equation: p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1, where p represents the frequency of allele A, q represents the frequency of allele a, and p + q = 1.

1. First, determine the frequency of allele A: Since p + q = 1 and the frequency of allele a (q) is 0.45, the frequency of allele A (p) is 1 - 0.45 = 0.55.

2. Calculate the expected frequencies of each genotype:

  - AA: p^2 = (0.55)^2 = 0.3025
  - Aa: 2pq = 2(0.55)(0.45) = 0.495
  - aa: q^2 = (0.45)^2 = 0.2025

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Based on the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, we can calculate the expected frequencies of genotypes AA, Aa, and aa using the given allele frequency. The frequency of allele A is 0.45, which means the frequency of the alternative allele A must be 0.55 (since the sum of frequencies equals 1).

Now, we can apply the Hardy-Weinberg equation (p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1), where p represents the frequency of allele A and q represents the frequency of allele A.

Expected frequency of genotype AA (p^2) = (0.55)^2 = 0.3025
Expected frequency of genotype Aa (2pq) = 2 × 0.55 × 0.45 = 0.495
Expected frequency of genotype aa (q^2) = (0.45)^2 = 0.2025

So, the expected frequencies of genotypes are AA = 0.3025, Aa = 0.495, and aa = 0.2025.

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Answer:

The FADH2 and NADH molecules produced in glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle, donate high-energy electrons to energy carrier molecules within the membrane. ... After passing through the electron transport chain, low-energy electrons and low-energy hydrogen ions combine with oxygen to form water.

Explanation:

Answer:

-3   -2

Explanation:

two negatives multiplied are positive

negative times a positive is negative

0 times any number is 0

Starch is a polysaccharide biomolecule.

Biomolecules are the most essential organic molecules, which are involved in the maintenance and metabolic processes of living organisms. They range from small molecules such as primary and secondary metabolites and hormones to large macromolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids etc.

Starch is a polysaccharide \((C_{6} H_{5} O_{10} )_n\) consisting of a large number of glucose monomers joined together by glycosidic bonds. It belongs to a group of carbohydrates, which are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in the ratio of 1:2:1. Carbohydrates are one of the major classes of biomolecules.

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Chytridiomycota,a phylum of fungi, is characterized by possessing zoopores or motile cells with a single, posterior, whiplash framework or flagellum. They produce gametes adn diploid zoopores that move with the aid of a single flagellum s

The primary function of the three types of muscle is to generate force and enable movement in the body.

Muscles play a crucial role in our ability to move and perform various physical activities. There are three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones and responsible for voluntary movements, such as walking, running, and lifting objects. These muscles work in pairs, with one muscle contracting while the other relaxes, allowing for coordinated movement. They also help maintain posture and stabilize joints.

Smooth muscles, found in the walls of organs and blood vessels, have an involuntary function. They are responsible for the rhythmic contractions that occur in our digestive system, allowing for the movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract. Smooth muscles also regulate the diameter of blood vessels, influencing blood flow and blood pressure.

Cardiac muscle, found exclusively in the heart, is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It contracts rhythmically and involuntarily, ensuring a continuous circulation of oxygenated blood to all organs and tissues. The unique structure of cardiac muscle allows for efficient and synchronized contractions, enabling the heart to function as a powerful pump.

In summary, the primary function of skeletal muscles is voluntary movement and joint stabilization, smooth muscles regulate movement in internal organs and blood vessels, and cardiac muscles ensure the continuous pumping of blood throughout the body.

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C. The egological damage of mining the materials would be subtracted from the profits made by selling the bicycle frames

Cost-benefit analysis has been defined as the approach used to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the choices. The ecological damages must be subtracted from selling profits. Thus, option C is correct.

Cost-benefit analysis has been defined as the estimation of the cost and the profits in economical terms. It allows the determination of the monetary benefit gained by the manufacturing, production, and selling of the products.

To manufacture the bicycle frame the monetary benefit can be estimated by subtracting ecological damages for material mining from the profits earned by selling the frame of the bicycle. It gives the idea of how much it cost and benefits the maker.

Therefore, option C. (profits - ecological damage) gives a cost-benefit analysis.

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Answer:

because scientist think it will help let us students learn more about the living world

On a rock in coastal Maine, the fungus, algae, and bacteria make up what is known as a lichen. Lichens are symbiotic organisms composed of two or three different types of microorganisms living together in a mutually beneficial relationship.

In the case of coastal Maine, the fungus provides the structural support and protection for the other organisms, while the algae and bacteria provide food through photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation, respectively.Lichens are unique in that they can survive in extreme environments such as deserts, tundras, and rocky coastlines, where other plants cannot. They also play important roles in the ecosystem by contributing to soil formation and nutrient cycling, providing habitat and food for animals, and serving as indicators of air pollution.

In addition to their ecological importance, lichens have been used by humans for medicinal, dyeing, and food purposes for centuries. Some species of lichens contain compounds with antibiotic properties, while others can be used as natural dyes. Some indigenous cultures also use lichens as a food source, although caution must be taken as some species can be toxic.

In summary, the fungus, algae, and bacteria on a rock in coastal Maine make up a lichen, which is a symbiotic organism with ecological, medicinal, and cultural significance.

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Answer:

Subsoil is the most likely layer in which lithification is to occur.

Common examples of biological processes that involves chemical reactions are as follows:

A chemical reaction is typically a process that involves the breaking or making of interatomic bonds, in which one or more substances called reactants are changed into other substances called products.

Chemical reactions, as mentioned in this question, are essential to life, hence, cannot be overemphasized.

Specific chemical reactions that take place inside living organisms are termed biochemical reactions.

Some common examples of biological processes that involves chemical reactions are as follows:

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Answer:

The person should be carried in a straight position to prevent damage of spinal cord.

Explanation:

Humans are multicellular, multifaceted entities. "Specialized" cells exist throughout our bodies. This indicates that each cell type has a distinct and particular purpose. As a result, each of the 200 different types of cells

how are humans differ to other animals ?

The most significant distinction between humans and animals is that people are motivated by logic and reason. They are capable of engaging in intellectual tasks. Animals, on the other hand, are entirely motivated by instincts. These are the main distinctions that distinguish animals from humans.

Humans are multicellular, multifaceted entities. "Specialized" cells exist throughout our bodies. This indicates that each cell type has a distinct and particular purpose. As a result, each of the 200 different types of cells in the body has a unique structure, size, form, and function, as well as a unique set of organelles.

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Answer:

pond

Explanation:

webed feet for swiming

long beak for grabing food

oily feathers to float

Cutting a fat molecule.

The scissors in the laboratory process diagram most likely represent the cutting or breaking down of a larger molecule, specifically a fat molecule.

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, so they would be more likely represented by the test tube or beaker in the diagram.

Starch and carbohydrates are typically broken down by enzymes, so they would not be represented by the scissors.

The shape of the scissors suggests a cutting or cleaving action, which would be necessary to break apart a larger fat molecule into smaller components.

Therefore, the best option is a fat molecule.

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The complete beta-oxidation of a fatty acid chain with 16 carbon atoms would produce 129 molecules of ATP.

To explain in more detail, beta-oxidation is the process by which fatty acids are broken down in order to produce energy in the form of ATP. During this process, the fatty acid chain is sequentially broken down into acetyl-CoA molecules, which then enter the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain to produce ATP.

For a fatty acid chain with 16 carbon atoms, the process of beta-oxidation would yield 8 acetyl-CoA molecules. Each acetyl-CoA molecule can then go through the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain to produce 17 molecules of ATP, resulting in a total of 136 ATP molecules. However, two ATP molecules are required to initiate the beta-oxidation process, so the net yield of ATP from the complete beta-oxidation of a 16-carbon fatty acid chain would be 129 molecules.

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Answer:

A. a mountain peak

Explanation:

This is the symbol used and universally known.

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A mountain peak triangles represent on a topographic map.

It is impossible to describe the level of intense excitement one feels after completing a significant task. No matter where they are from, people want to have an oddball, weird trip that inspires them to keep going.

However, they do have a tendency to cause us to lose sight of the fact that there is always something higher to do in life. These include the common, brilliant peaks and mountains that rise to incredible altitudes and are just begging to be conquered.

The ancient ideal of pursuing and achieving exploits that will stamp their names for future generations has always attracted humans.

Therefore, A mountain peak triangles represent on a topographic map.

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Answer:

A shiver is caused by your muscles tightening and relaxing in rapid succession. This involuntary muscle movement is your body's natural response to getting colder and trying to warm up.

You shiver when your cold because your body kinda since's when your cold and you start shivering to make your body warm-up.

Answer:

Bark comprises all the tissues surrounding the xylem in woody plants. Broadly, bark includes an inner and mostly living region and an outer, dead one. Of all plant structures, bark has the most complex anatomical structure and ontogenetic origin involving two (and often three) different meristems.

As to why, the bark adds layers to the inside ring of the vascular cambium, the outside is pushed outward. The cells die off, and the fibrous matrix of cellulose and lignin molecules remain. This hard structure forms the bark, and protects the tree or plant from many forms of damage.

In order to create an RNA-DNA hybrid of around 8 base pairs in length, RNA polymerase is able to add ribonucleotides that are complementary to the DNA sense strand as the DNA is unwound. As RNA polymerase catalyses the production of phosphodiester bonds between the ribonucleotides, a developing RNA chain is generated.

Does the 3 end get added to by RNA polymerase?

RNA polymerase, which creates a complementary strand of RNA using a single-stranded DNA template, is the primary enzyme involved in transcription. Each new nucleotide is added to the 3' end of the strand as RNA polymerase constructs an RNA strand in the 5' to 3' orientation.

Do ribonucleotides get added by RNA polymerase?

Based on complementary base pairing, RNA Polymerase adds ribonucleotides to the template strand to produce an mRNA. The promoter region of the DNA strand is where the sigma protein initially breaks apart the double helix. The RNA polymerase then passes the DNA template strand through it.

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An example of a plant virus is the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), which when infecting plants, cause them to have an stunted and irregular growth of their tissues, such as leaf and stems, which provokes the plant to not developing well

Explanation:

biodiversity is biology lesson

biodiversity is one part of around biodiversity means skin

Cell membrane is specialized for transport of materials into and out of the cell.

The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a vital structure in cells that serves as a selective barrier, controlling the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

It is specialized for transport through the presence of various proteins and lipid components that facilitate the passage of specific molecules.

The cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. These proteins, such as channels, carriers, and pumps, play essential roles in transporting ions, nutrients, and other molecules across the membrane.

Channels provide a passageway for specific substances to move freely, while carriers facilitate the transport of molecules by binding to them and undergoing conformational changes. Pumps actively transport molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy in the form of ATP.

The cell membrane also contains receptor proteins that allow the cell to communicate with its environment by binding to specific molecules, triggering cellular responses. This communication enables the cell to detect and respond to signals and regulate the transport of substances accordingly.

In summary, the cell membrane is specialized for material transport through its composition of phospholipids and proteins.

These components work together to selectively allow the passage of certain substances into and out of the cell, ensuring proper functioning and maintaining homeostasis.

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Answer:

I believe your answer is: sonar, and ultrasound

Explanation:

1. cutting with sound!? - did you know that it's possible to cut objects with sound? Researchers at the University of Michigan are developing a sound knife that can cut only using sound pressure. I think it works by focusing a laser through an Acoustic lens.

{Acoustic lens}: acoustic lenses can focus and manipulate sound waves and can be used for many applications, including biomedical imaging and surgery.  

these lasers can also be focused down to areas as small as 75 to 400 micrometers. It got the nickname the "invisible scalpel". well, it's only a matter of time before these universities uncover the unbelievable.

remember what we view as magic may just be a form of science we have yet to discover.

A tropic-releasing hormone released from the hypothalamus would be expected to increase the release of TSH hormones from the anterior pituitary. Hence option E is correct.

The thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) regulates the activity of the thyroid gland. This hormone is released from the anterior pituitary when there is a release of Thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the Hypothalamus.

The release of TSH stimulates the production of thyroid hormones, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine. These hormones are released when TSH from the pituitary binds to the receptors of the thyroid gland. The thyroid hormones are essential to maintain the heart and digestive functions, brain development, muscle control, and the body’s metabolic activity.

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Changes sea level by 100 meters

Exposure of continental shelf

Changes in continental shelf composition

Mass extinctions of species in certain areas

Changes in the water cycle

Changes in landscape

Changes in topsoil characteristics

Answer:

A. Ice Ages

Explanation:

These periodic changes on Earth are a result of the five major ICE AGES that have occurred throughout Earth's history

The five major Ice Ages that throughout the Earth's history we're the following:

1. the Huronian: this occurred around 2.4 billion years ago

2. Cryogenian: this followed Huronian age, and it occurred around the period of 850 million years

3. Agondean-Saharan: this major ice age occur around 460 million years ago.

4. Karoo this is a period of about 360 million years

5. Quaternary is the present age, and it has been in existence since about 2.6 million years ago till the moment

Hence, in this case, the correct answer is Ice Ages