describe the structure of solid sodium chloride and explain why is the formula NaCl



HELP plz:(

The equation for the production of sulfur trioxide gas from sulfur dioxide (57.50 g) and oxygen (20.0 L) using the ideal gas law indicates;

The volume of sulfur trioxide that will be formed at STP is 20.1 L

The volume of sulfur trioxide formed at 15.0°C and 98920 Pa is 21.7 L

The ideal gas law is an equation of state that describes an ideal gas behavior. It relates the pressure (P), volume (V), and temperature (T) of a gas to the number of moles (n) of the gas and the universal gas constant. The equation is written as P·V = n·R·T

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is: 2SO₂ (g) + O₂ (g) --> 2SO₃ (g)

First, we need to convert the given amounts of reactants to moles. We can do this by using the molar mass of SO₂ (64.07 g/mol) and the ideal gas law for O₂ (P·V = n·R·T). At STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure), the temperature is 0°C (273.15 K) and the pressure is 1 atm (101325 Pa). The gas constant R is 8.314 J/Kmol.

The number of moles of SO₂ is: 57.50 g/(64.07 g/mol) = 0.897 moles

The number of moles of O₂ is; (101325 Pa)·(20.0 L)/(8.314 J/K.mol)·(273.15 K) = 0.892 moles

Since the ratio of SO₂ to O₂ in the balanced equation is 2:1, SO₂ is the limiting reactant and will determine the amount of product formed.

The number of moles of SO₃ produced is; (0.897 mol SO₂)·(2 mol SO₃/2 mol SO₂) = 0.897 mol (Which is based on the number of moles of SO₂ in the reactant side of the equation)

To find the volume of SO₃ at 15°C and 98920 Pa, we can use the ideal gas law again; P·V = n·R·T

Therefore, the volume of sulfur trioxide formed at STP is 20.1 L and at 15°C and 98920 Pa is 21.7 L

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Answer:

171.63734

Explanation:

Used a calculator lol

Answer:

Explanation:

Answer:

If you want the first option you need 2.5M.

If you want the second, you will end up with 120ml so your starting solution is:

0.5x (120/20) = 3.0M

This assumes that there’s no loss of volume on mixing. To remove that uncertainty, start with the 20ml of acid and add water, mixing, till you get the right volume.

1- (a) Dialysis is a technique used for the separation of molecules based on their size and charge using a semi-permeable membrane. In protein purification, dialysis is employed to remove small molecules, salts, and other contaminants from a protein solution by allowing them to pass through the membrane while retaining the protein.

1- (b) Chromatography is a method used for separating and analyzing complex mixtures based on differences in their physical and chemical properties. It involves the use of a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The stationary phase retains the components of the mixture to varying degrees, resulting in their separation as they move through the system.

1- (c) Two types of chromatography techniques are Gas Chromatography (GC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).

2-(a) Adsorption equilibria refers to the balance between the adsorption and desorption of molecules on a solid surface. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm assumes that the adsorption occurs on a homogeneous surface, there is no interaction between adsorbed molecules, and the surface is saturated with a monolayer of adsorbate.

2-(b) High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a chromatographic technique that uses a liquid mobile phase and a solid stationary phase. It is commonly used for the separation and analysis of a wide range of compounds in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, biochemistry, and environmental analysis. Gas Chromatography (GC) is a technique that utilizes a gaseous mobile phase and a solid or liquid stationary phase. It is primarily used for the separation and analysis of volatile and semi-volatile compounds in different samples.

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The amount of argon will be zero gram.

Assuming ideal gas behavior, we can use the following formula to calculate the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture:

Partial pressure = (moles of gas / total moles of gas) x total pressure

Calculating the total moles of gas in the flask:

Total moles of gas = moles of nitrogen + moles of helium = 2.00 + 2.00 = 4.00 moles

To calculate the partial pressure of helium in the flask, since we want the partial pressure of argon to be twice that of helium:

Partial pressure of helium = (moles of helium / total moles of gas) x total pressure

= (2.00 / 4.00) x total pressure = 0.5 x total pressure

To make the partial pressure of argon twice that of helium, we need to add enough argon to the flask so that its partial pressure is equal to:

2 x partial pressure of helium = 2 x 0.5 x total pressure = total pressure

Therefore, the mole fraction of argon in the flask after adding the desired amount of argon will be:

Mole fraction of argon = (partial pressure of argon / total pressure)

= 1 / 1 = 1

This means that the moles of argon need to add to the flask is:

Moles of argon = mole fraction of argon x total moles of gas - moles of nitrogen - moles of helium

= 1 x 4.00 - 2.00 - 2.00

= 0.00 moles

Therefore, the amount of argon will be zero gram.

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Answer:

Why is it called Group 8? In the rest of the periodic table, the number of the group is the same as the number of outer shell electrons in the atoms of that group. This is not true for the noble gases. Helium only has 2 electrons in its outer shell, while the others all have 8.

every element has 8 electron in outer shell but not in helium because it has 2 electrons

Approximately 18.4832 mL of 0.250 M NaOH is required to neutralize 30.4 mL of 0.152 M HCl.

To determine the volume of 0.250 M NaOH required to neutralize 30.4 mL of 0.152 M HCl, we can use the concept of stoichiometry and the balanced chemical equation for the neutralization reaction between NaOH and HCl:

NaOH + HCl -> NaCl + H2O

From the balanced equation, we can see that the stoichiometric ratio between NaOH and HCl is 1:1. This means that for every mole of NaOH, we require an equal number of moles of HCl to neutralize.

First, let's calculate the number of moles of HCl present in the given volume:

Moles of HCl = concentration of HCl * volume of HCl

= 0.152 M * 30.4 mL

= 4.6208 mmol (millimoles)

Since the stoichiometric ratio is 1:1, the number of moles of NaOH required to neutralize the HCl is also 4.6208 mmol.

Now, let's calculate the volume of 0.250 M NaOH needed to contain 4.6208 mmol:

Volume of NaOH = (moles of NaOH) / (concentration of NaOH)

= 4.6208 mmol / 0.250 M

= 18.4832 mL

Therefore, approximately 18.4832 mL of 0.250 M NaOH is required to neutralize 30.4 mL of 0.152 M HCl.

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Answer:

a) Concentration of salt in mg/L = 2g/100mL

b) concentration in ppm = 20000 ppm

Explanation:

Percentage composition of salt by weight in water = 2%

Density of water = 1 g/mL

100 mL of water will has a mass of 100 g

Mass of salt in 100 g of water = 2% ×100 g = 2 g

Therefore, 2 g of salt is dissolved in 100 mL of solution

Concentration of salt in 100 mL of solution = 2g/100mL

a) Concentration in mg/L

Mass of salt = 2 g = 2000 mg

Volume of solution = 100 mL = 0.1 L

Concentration in mg/L = 2000 mg/0.1 L

Concentration in mg/L = 20000 mg/L

b) Concentration in ppm

1 ppm = 1mg/L

Therefore, concentration in ppm = 20000 ppm

Answer:

B

Explanation:

1 tonne of carbon dioxide has been dissolved in a sample of ocean water, which has a pH of 5.76.

The first step is to convert the given mass of carbon dioxide (1 ton) to moles. Since 1 ton = 2000 pounds, and 1 pound = 0.45 kilograms, 1 ton = 907.18 kilograms. To convert this to moles, we need to divide by the molar mass of \(CO_2\), which is 44.01 g/mol.

Therefore, the number of moles of \(CO_2\) in 1 ton is \(\frac{ 907.18}{44.01} = 20.59 moles.\)

Next, we need to convert the given volume of ocean water (1.0x10 gallons) to liters. Since 1 gallon = 3.785 liters, the given volume is \(3.785*10^{10}\) liters.

Thus, the number of moles of \(CO_2\) per liter of ocean water is \(\frac{20.59}{3.785*10^{10}}= 5.45*10^{-10} moles/liter\)

Now, we can calculate the pH of the sample.When carbon dioxide and sea water react, the equilibrium constant is (\(1.2*10^{-9}\)) along with the acid dissociation constant (Ka.) for \(H_2CO\) is (\(4.3*10^{-7}\)). The pH of the sample can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

\(pH = pK_a + log(\frac{[base]}{[acid]})\)

where [base] is the base's concentration (\(CO_2\))and [acid] is the acid's concentration.(\(H_2CO_3\)). Since we already calculated the concentration of \(CO_2\), We only have to determine the concentration of \(H_2CO_3\),This is equivalent to the amount of \(CO_2\) times the equilibrium constant:

\([H_2CO_3] = [CO_2] * K\\ = 5.45*10^{-10} moles/liter *1.2*10^{-9}\\ \\ = 6.54*10^{-19} moles/liter\)

Now, we can plug all the values into the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to calculate the pH:

\(pH = -log(4.3*10^{-7}) + log(\frac{5.45*10^{-10}}{6.54*10^{-19}})\\pH= 5.76\)

Therefore, the pH of the sample of ocean water with 1 ton of carbon dioxide dissolved in it is 5.76.

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• Answer:

m = 3,045.15 g mercur

• Explanation:

Hi there !

density formula

d = m/V =>

=> m = d×V

d(mercury) = 13.534 g/cm3

1ml = 1cm3

V = 225ml = 225cm3

replace

m = 13.534g/cm3×225cm3

m = 3,045.15 g mercur

Good luck !

The volume of insulation material required is approximately 0.003606 cubic meters (m³).

To calculate the volume of insulation material, we can subtract the volume of the inner pipe (original pipe) from the volume of the outer pipe (original pipe + insulation).

Given:

Length of the pipe, L = 10 m

Radius of the pipe, r = 7 cm = 0.07 m

Thickness of the insulation, dr = 2 mm = 0.002 m

The outer radius of the larger pipe is R = r + dr.

Using the formula for the volume of a cylinder, V = π(R² - r²)L, we can substitute the values and calculate:

V = π((0.07 + 0.002)² - 0.07²) × 10

V ≈ 3.606 × 10⁻³ m³

Therefore, the volume of insulation material required is approximately 0.003606 m³ (cubic meters).

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The substance's half life will be 2.31a. The half-life is the amount of time needed to decay to half of its original amount.

On the other hand, the half-life is usually defined using probability.

Half-life calculation:

Nₜ= Noe⁽⁻λᵗ⁾

Nt = residual substance

No indicates initial focus.

Decay constant is.

Nₜ= 15

No = 100

t = 9

adding values to the equation above

15 = 100e⁽⁻λ⁾ .9

e^-λ = 9X15/100

ln e⁽⁻λ⁾ = ln (1.35)

find out lambda's value

λ = ln( 1.35) = 0.3/a

t₍ₕₐₗf₎ = 0.693/ λ

In this equation, enter the value of lambda.

t₍ₕₐₗf₎ = 0.693 / 0.3

= 2.31a

As a result, a radioactive substance's half-life is 2.31a when a sample of it has decayed to 15% of its initial quantity

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The formation of molecule can easily be shown by drawing Lewis dot structure. Since atom's Lewis dot structure has three dots. Therefore, the number of unshared electron on N is 2 and shared electrons is 6.

Lewis dot structure is a way to represent the valence electron of an element in the form of dot. These are mainly beneficial in understanding the chemical formula of covalent compound.

In compound NHF\(_2\), N belongs to group 15 with 5 electrons.  3 electrons will be used in making bond with one electron of F and one electron of H. Now 2 electrons are left on the N. So now N has 1 lone pair and 3 bond pair. The geometry will be tetrahedral and shape will be pyramidal.

Therefore, the number of unshared electron on N is 2 and shared electrons is 6.

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The pH of a solution that has a [OH-] = 5.8 x 10⁻⁹ is 5.76.

What is pH?

A pH scale is a tool for measuring acids and bases. The scale ranges from 0-14. Range of 0-6 represents acids and range of 8-14 represents bases. The value of pH 7 represents neutral solution.

pH = -log [H+]

Also, pH = 14 - pOH

Given,

[OH-] = 5.8 x 10⁻⁹

pOH = -log [OH-]

pOH = 9 - 0.763 = 8.23

Hence, pH = 14 - 8.23 = 5.76

Therefore, the pH of a solution that has a [OH-] = 5.8 x 10⁻⁹ is 5.76.

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The use of organic-inorganic nanocomposites can improve the efficiency of shale gas recovery and CO2 sequestration by improving the mobility and adsorption capacity of fluids in complex porous materials.

Dynamic fluid states in organic-inorganic nanocomposites are relevant to shale gas recovery and CO2 sequestration. These two processes require the movement of fluids in complex porous materials. Porous organic-inorganic nanocomposites have the potential to improve the efficiency of these processes due to their tunable pore size and surface properties.

Shale gas recovery involves the extraction of natural gas from shale rock formations. In this process, water and chemicals are injected into the rock at high pressure to create fractures that release the gas. The efficiency of this process is affected by the fluid properties and how well they can move through the complex porous network of the shale.

Nanocomposites can help by improving fluid mobility and reducing the risk of blockages. CO2 sequestration is the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide in underground reservoirs. This process requires the injection of CO2 into porous rock formations. Nanocomposites can help by improving the adsorption capacity of the porous media and preventing CO2 leakage.

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It would require 6.31 kJ of energy to change 2.8 g of liquid water to steam if the water is already at 100°C.

To solve this problem, we need to use the following equation:

q = n * ΔHvap

where q is the amount of energy required to vaporize the liquid, n is the number of moles of water, and ΔHvap is the molar heat of vaporization.

First, we need to calculate the number of moles of water in 2.8 g. We can use the molar mass of water, which is approximately 18 g/mol:

moles of water = mass / molar mass

moles of water = 2.8 g / 18 g/mol

moles of water = 0.1556 mol

Next, we can use the equation above to calculate the amount of energy required to vaporize this amount of water:

q = n * ΔHvap

q = 0.1556 mol * 40.6 kJ/mol

q = 6.31 kJ

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It would require 6.31 kJ of energy to change 2.8 g of liquid water to steam if the water is already at 100°C.

To solve this problem, we need to use the following equation:

q = n * ΔHvap

where q is the amount of energy required to vaporize the liquid, n is the number of moles of water, and ΔHvap is the molar heat of vaporization.

First, we need to calculate the number of moles of water in 2.8 g. We can use the molar mass of water, which is approximately 18 g/mol:

moles of water = mass / molar mass

moles of water = 2.8 g / 18 g/mol

moles of water = 0.1556 mol

Next, we can use the equation above to calculate the amount of energy required to vaporize this amount of water:

q = n * ΔHvap

q = 0.1556 mol * 40.6 kJ/mol

q = 6.31 kJ

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The pH range of the distal esophagus is 6.0 to 7.0. The lower esophagus pH is considered neutral (normal).

1. The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. Its main function is to transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for digestion.
2. The pH scale is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance, ranging from 0 (highly acidic) to 14 (highly alkaline), with 7 being neutral.
3. The distal esophagus is the lower part of the esophagus, which is closest to the stomach.
4. The pH of the distal esophagus is crucial for maintaining the proper function of the esophageal muscles and preventing damage to the esophageal lining from stomach acid.
5. The pH range of the distal esophagus is 6.0 to 7.0, which is considered neutral or normal. This pH level helps to protect the esophagus from the acidic contents of the stomach and maintain proper function.
6. The four options given in the student question are: a. 1.5 to 2.0, b. 3.0 to 4.5, c. 4.5 to 6.0, and d. 6.0 to 7.0. Out of these, option d (6.0 to 7.0) is the correct answer for the pH range of the distal esophagus.

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Answer:

Air and Water Temperature Increases

An increase in the air temperature will cause water temperatures to increase as well. ... Lower levels of dissolved oxygen due to the inverse relationship that exists between dissolved oxygen and temperature. As the temperature of the water increases, dissolved oxygen levels decrease.

At over 1700 miles thick the lower mantle contains superheated rocks and minerals.

The mantle is the mostly-solid bulk of Earth's interior. The mantle lies between Earth's dense, super-heated core and its thin outer layer, the crust.

As Earth began to take shape about 4.5 billion years ago, iron and nickel quickly separated from other rocks and minerals to form the core of the new planet. The molten material that surrounded the core was the early mantle.

The lower mantle extends from about 660 kilometers (410 miles) to about 2,700 kilometers (1,678 miles) beneath Earth’s surface. The lower mantle is hotter and denser than the upper mantle and transition zone.

Therefore, at over 1700 miles thick the lower mantle contains superheated rocks and minerals.

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Answer:

When the Sun's energy moves through space, it reaches Earth's atmosphere and finally the surface. This radiant solar energy warms the atmosphere and becomes heat energy. This heat energy is transferred throughout the planet's systems in three ways: by radiation, conduction, and convection.

Explanation:

Answer:

The sun radiates energy in all directions. Most of it dissipates into space, but the tiny fraction of the sun's energy that reaches Earth is enough to heat the planet and drive the global weather system by warming the atmosphere and oceans. The delicate balance between the amount of heat Earth receives from the sun and the heat that Earth radiates back into space makes it possible for the planet to sustain life.

Hopefully, this helps you out!

Answer:

Hydrogen is the first element in the periodic table. Oxygen is the eighth element in the periodic table.

Both elements are gases.

Hydrogen is used for the Haber process and rocket fuel.

Oxygen is used for breathing and production purposes.

Air composes 21% oxygen and 0.0001% hydrogen.

Water is an example that contains both hydrogen H2 and oxygen O2 molecules.

Answer:

Hydrogen is the chemical element with the Symbol H and atomic number 1.

Hydrogen is the lightest element in the periodic table and it is the most abundant in the universe.

                                                 WHILE:

Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and the atomic number 8.

It is a member of the chalcogen group in the periodic table.

This is what we humans take in to breathe that gives us life.

Coal is abundant and cost-effective, providing stable energy.

Coal extraction damages the environment, and burning it releases high levels of CO2 and air pollutants. Oil has high energy density and infrastructure, but its combustion contributes to climate change and spills cause environmental harm.

Natural gas emits less CO2, is versatile, and is abundant, but extraction techniques like fracking can harm ecosystems and water resources. Nuclear power produces large amounts of electricity without CO2 emissions but faces concerns about radioactive waste disposal and safety risks. Biomass is renewable but competes with food production and can release emissions.

Wind, solar, hydro, and geothermal offer renewable sources, but their scalability, intermittency, and land use impacts vary. Per capita, consumption affects the magnitude of their environmental effects.

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The concentration of A increases by 0.015 M if the concentration of B decreases by 0.046 M. The correct answer is: It increases by 0.015 M.

This is because the reaction is in equilibrium, meaning the rate of the forward reaction (3A → B + C) is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction (B + C → 3A). If the concentration of B decreases, then the equilibrium will shift to the left to counteract this change.

This means that more A will react to form B and C, increasing the concentration of A slightly. However, the change in concentration of A will not be as large as the change in concentration of B, since the reaction ratio is 3:1. The correct answer is: It increases by 0.015 M.

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At constant temperature, 7.72 L of cl2 at 458 mmHg is compressed to 3.75 L. The final pressure of Cl₂ is 942.86 mmHg.

To calculate the final pressure we can use the boyle's law

According to Boyle's Law, the relationship between a gas's volume and pressure is inverse. In other words, it says that as long as the number of gas moles remains constant, the product of pressure and volume for an ideal gas at constant temperature remains constant. P1V1=P2V2, where P1 is the first pressure, V1 is the first volume, P2 is the second pressure, and V2 is the second volume, is one way to state it.

So, the final pressure of Cl₂ can be calculate as follows:

P1V1=P2V2

458mmHg x 7.72 L = P2 x 3.75 L

P2 = 458mmHg x 7.72

                 3.75 L

P2 = 942.86 mmHg

Therefore, at constant temperature, 7.72 L of cl2 at 458 mmHg is compressed to 3.75 L. The final pressure of Cl₂ is 942.86 mmHg.

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Pulp

distillation

chromatography

Acetone is captured and cooled.

Substance A is rice, and substance B is sugar.

To separate the components of a mixture the substances to be separated must differ in a given physical property.

In chemistry, there are diverse separation techniques used to separate the components of a mixture. Separation depends on differences in a given physical property such as boiling point, solubility in a solvent, difference in particle size etc.

Filtration can be used to separate a solid from a liquid hence it can be used to separate pulp from orange juice.

To separate water and alcohol, distillation is used because such a separation depends on the difference in the boiling points of water and alcohol. Water boils at a higher temperature than alcohol hence the mixture can be separated by distillation.

Chromatography is a method of separation that is dependent on how quickly a the components of a  mixture move through a stationary phase.

Acetone has a lower boiling point than water hence it collected first and cooled before water.

Clearly, substance A must be a solid since it is filtered out after adding water. Substance B must be a water soluble substance which can be recovered from water by evaporation to dryness. Hence substance A is rice, and substance B is sugar.

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Answer:

if it has equal positive and negative then neutral. but if there are more electrons than protons then it becomes negative.

Explanation:

hope this helps!

Answer:

Negatively Charged if the atom is neutral.

Explanation:

Electrons themselves have a negative charge.

When you add an electron to an atom that is neutral, the atom becomes negatively charged.

Take Sodium (Na) for example. It has 11 (positive) protons and 11 (negative) electrons - it's neutral.

Explanation:

It would take approximately 5519.1 calories of thermal energy to raise the temperature of a 1000.0 g copper pot by 60.0ºC.

To calculate the amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of a 1000.0 g copper pot by 60.0ºC, we need to use the specific heat capacity of copper. The specific heat capacity of copper is approximately 0.385 J/gºC.

The formula to calculate thermal energy is:

Q = m * c * ΔT

Where:

Q is the thermal energy (in calories),

m is the mass of the object (in grams),

c is the specific heat capacity (in J/gºC), and

ΔT is the change in temperature (in ºC).

Substituting the given values into the formula:

Q = 1000.0 g * 0.385 J/gºC * 60.0ºC

Calculating the expression:

Q = 23100 J

Since we want the answer in calories, we convert Joules to calories by dividing by 4.184:

Q = 5519.1 calories

Therefore, to raise the temperature of a 1000.0 g copper pot by 60.0ºC, roughly 5519.1 calories of thermal energy would be required.

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