Content Category 2C: Processes of cell division, differentiation, and specialization
Answers
Content Category 2C pertains to the processes of cell division, differentiation, and specialization in living organisms. These processes are essential for the growth and development of an organism, and they ensure that the cells in an organism perform specific functions.
Cell division is the process by which a single cell divides into two or more daughter cells. This process is important for growth, repair, and regeneration of tissues.
Differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized for a specific function. During differentiation, cells acquire distinct morphological and functional characteristics that enable them to perform specific tasks.
Specialization is the process by which cells, tissues, and organs become specialized for specific functions. This process occurs as a result of the interactions between genes and the environment, and it is essential for the survival of an organism.
Overall, the processes of cell division, differentiation, and specialization are crucial for the development, maintenance, and repair of living organisms. Understanding these processes is essential for the study of biology, medicine, and other related fields.
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Related Questions
Which statement correctly compares DNA and RNA?
DNA is made up of a single strand, and RNA is made up of a double strand.
DNA is made up of a double strand, and RNA is made up of a single strand.
Both DNA and RNA are made up of a single strand.
Both DNA and RNA are made up of a double strand.
Answers
The statement that correctly compares DNA and RNA are DNA is made up of a double strand, and RNA is made up of a single strand. The correct option is b.
What are DNA and RNA?DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid. It is the genetic material of the living organism. This genetic material is unique to every organism. This makes the phenotype and genotype of the organism. DNA is double-stranded, made up of coiling of two strands of DNA.
RNA is ribonucleic acid. This is also a genetic material in some plants and viruses. RNA is single-stranded, and it is made up of the same component as DNA. So, the main difference between them is their number of strands.
Therefore, the correct option is b. DNA is made up of a double strand, and RNA is made up of a single strand.
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different between seed method and biological method of breeding
please help
Answers
Answer:
Plant breeding is the purposeful manipulation of plant species in order to create desired genotypes and phenotypes for specific purposes. Plant genetic is is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity specifically in plants.
The seed method involves selecting plants with desired traits and breeding them to produce offspring with those traits and the biological method involves using mutation breeding, tissue culture, and genetic engineering to create new plant varieties.
What is seed and biological methods of breeding?The seed method and the biological method of breeding are two approaches that are used to develop new plant varieties.
The seed method involves selecting plants with desired traits and breeding them to produce offspring with those traits. This can be done through various techniques, such as crossbreeding, inbreeding, and hybridization. The seed method relies on the transfer of genetic material through the seed, and it is often used to develop new varieties of crops that are well suited to specific growing conditions.
The biological method of breeding involves using techniques such as mutation breeding, tissue culture, and genetic engineering to create new plant varieties. This approach involves altering the genetic makeup of plants in order to introduce new traits or to enhance existing ones. The biological method can be more precise and faster than the seed method, but it also involves more complex techniques and may be more expensive to implement.
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what occurs when a device that runs off of electricity is turned on ?
Answers
If a device turned on then electrical currents flow through the device by which,
A magnetic field is created. Because all energy is released at once in static electricity.When a device that runs off of electricity is turned on, the flow of electrons is mediated through the process known as electric current.
What is Electricity?Electricity may be defined as a type of energy that typically results from the existence of charged particles like electrons or protons. It is a secondary source that commingles from the conversion of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power, etc.
This flow of electrons also induces the formation of magnetic fields which involves the liberation of energy at once in the form of immobile electricity. All this process is obviously mediated by an electric switch that is responsible for breaking or closing an electric circuit.
Therefore, when a device that runs off of electricity is turned on, the flow of electrons is mediated through the process known as electric current.
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The p53 gene is important to the cell cycle in G1 and G2, and cancer. What happens to the cell cycle when a mutation occurs in the p53 gene?
(please no links!!)
Answers
Answer:
PFFT this might help? sorry if not mate
Explanation:
Cell cycle checkpoint controls play a major role in preventing the development of cancer [see Sherr, 1994, for a more detailed discussion]. Major checkpoints occur at the G1 to S phase transition and at the G2 to M phase transitions. Cancer is a genetic disease that arises from defects in growth-promoting oncogenes and growth-suppressing tumor suppressor genes. The p53 tumor suppressor protein plays a role in both the G1/S phase and G2/M phase checkpoints. The mechanism for this activity at the G1/S phase checkpoint is well understood, but its mechanism of action at the G2/M phase checkpoint remains to be elucidated. The p53 protein is thought to prevent chromosomal replication specifically during the cell cycle if DNA damage is present. In addition, p53 can induce a type of programmed cell death, or apoptosis, under certain circumstances. The general goal of p53 appears to be the prevention of cell propagation if mutations are present. The p53 protein acts as a transcription factor by binding to certain specific genes and regulating their expression. One of these, WAF1 or Cip1, is activated by p53 and is an essential downstream mediator of p53-dependent G1/S phase checkpoint control. The function of p53 can be suppressed by another gene, MDM2, which is overexpressed in certain tumorigenic mouse cells and binds to p53 protein, thus inhibiting its transcriptional activation function. Other cellular proteins have been found to bind to p53, but the significance of the associations is not completely understood in all cases. The large number of human cancers in which the p53 gene is altered makes this gene a good candidate for cancer screening approaches.
What is the main disadvantage of a flat map?
A Flat maps can't be made large enough that land masses appear the correct size.
B Flat maps distort the shapes and distances of the land masses.
C Flat maps are not easily carried from one location to the other.
D Flat maps are too small to accurately show details of the land masses.
Answers
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Which of the following CANNOT be converted to glucose?
-glycerol
-glycogen
-fatty acids
-glucogenic amino acids
Answers
The answer is Fatty Acids.
Fatty Acids cannot be converted to glucose, whereas Glycerol, Glycogen, and Glucogenic Amino Acids can.
What is glucose?
Glucose is a sugar molecule that is found in the bloodstream of animals and plants. The cells in your body use glucose as a primary source of energy. The body generates glucose by breaking down carbohydrates in your diet, and it can also produce glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as protein or fat.
Amino acids are organic compounds that play a variety of roles in the body, including building proteins and other molecules. There are two types of amino acids that the body can use for energy: ketogenic and gluconeogenic.
Ketogenic amino acids can be converted to ketone bodies in the liver, which can be used for energy when glucose levels are low. Gluconeogenic amino acids, on the other hand, can be used to produce glucose when glucose levels are low.
Glycerol can be converted to glucose, as can glycogen and gluconeogenic amino acids.
Fatty acids, however, cannot be converted to glucose. Instead, fatty acids are broken down into molecules called acetyl-CoA, which can be used to generate energy in the form of ATP via a process called the Krebs cycle.
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1. How many layers are there in an arthropod's exoskeleton? What is the main function of
each layer?
Answers
Explanation:
The exoskeleton and molting
The success of arthropods derives in large part from the evolution of their unique, nonliving, organic, jointed exoskeleton (see figure), which not only functions in support but also provides protection and, with the muscle system, contributes to efficient locomotion. The exoskeleton is composed of a thin, outer protein layer, the epicuticle, and a thick, inner, chitin–protein layer, the procuticle. In most terrestrial arthropods, such as insects and spiders, the epicuticle contains waxes that aid in reducing evaporative water loss. The procuticle consists of an outer exocuticle and an inner endocuticle. In the exocuticle there is cross-bonding of the chitin–protein chains (tanning), which provides additional strength to the skeletal material. The hardness of various parts of the exoskeleton in different arthropods is related to the thickness and degree of tanning of the exocuticle. In crustaceans, additional rigidity is achieved by having the exoskeleton impregnated with varying amounts of calcium carbonate.
arthropod integument
arthropod integument
Diagrammatic section through the arthropod integument.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The formation of an exoskeleton required the simultaneous solution of two functional problems in the evolution of arthropods: If the animal is encased in a rigid covering, how can it grow and how can it move? The problem of growth is solved in arthropods by molting, or ecdysis, the periodic shedding of the old exoskeleton. The underlying cells release enzymes that digest the base of the old exoskeleton (much of the endocuticle) and then secrete a new exoskeleton beneath the old one. At the time of actual shedding, the old skeleton splits along specific lines characteristic of the group, and the animal pulls out of the old skeleton as from a suit of clothes. The old skeleton is usually abandoned but in some species is eaten. The new exoskeleton, which is soft and flexible, is then stretched by localized, elevated blood pressure augmented by the intake of water or air. Hardening occurs by stretching and especially by tanning within a number of hours of molting. In crustaceans, calcium carbonate is deposited into the new procuticle. (Soft-shell crabs are simply newly molted crabs.) Additional endocuticle may be added to the exoskeleton for some days or weeks following molting.
molting
molting
Grasshopper shedding its exoskeleton.
© Cathy Keifer/Dreamstime.com
Molting is under hormonal control, and there is a long preparatory phase that precedes the process. The steroid hormone ecdysone, secreted by specific endocrine centres and circulated in the blood, is the direct initiator of molting. The actual timing of a molt, however, is regulated by other hormones and commonly by environmental factors. The interval between molts is called an instar. Because of the frequency of molts, instars are short early in life but grow longer with increasing age. Some arthropods, such as most spiders and insects, stop molting when they reach sexual maturity; others, like lobsters and crabs, molt throughout their lives. Most of the larger spiders of temperate regions, for example, molt about 10 times before reaching sexual maturity. As a result of molting, the length and volume of an arthropod display steplike increases over the life span, but internal tissue growth is continual as in other animals.
Loss of a limb is a common hazard in the life of many arthropods. Indeed, some arthropods, such as crabs, are capable of amputating an appendage if it is seized by a predator. The limb is then regenerated from a small, nipplelike rudiment formed at the site of the lost limb. The new limb develops beneath the old exoskeleton during the premolt period and then appears when the animal molts.
Answer:
Three layers
Explanation:
Outer= Composed of proteins and lipids. Repels water and prevents desiccation in terrestrial places.
Middler=Provides primary protection
Inner=Flexibke at joints, muscles attach here.
2) Fill in the blanks with the following options.
What was the environment of early earth like? Complete the statement below to answer the question.
a)wind
b)elements
c)gases
d)inorganic
e)organic
f)lightning
g)primordial
______seas absorbed______of the atmosphere, there was a heavy concentration of ultraviolet radiation from the sun, and frequent______strikes, and the environment was helpful in producing______molecules from______molecules.
Answers
Answer:
1.primordeal 2.gases 3. lightning 4.organic 5.inorganic
PRIMORDEAL seas absorbed GASES of the atmosphere,There was a heavy concentration of ultraviolet radiation from the sun, and frequent LIGHTNING strikes, and the environment was helpful in producing ORGANIC molecules from INORGANIC molecules.
Gases are absorbed by the primordial seas and lightning strikes in earth helpful in producing inorganic molecules from organic molecules mostly present in living things.
What is primordial sea?Oceans of earth in the earlier time is called as primordial seas in the history . Primordial seas creates heavy rain last for long time.
Lightening in earth is caused by electrostatic charge from the ions in the atmosphere. Lightening is followed by thunder. Lightning helps to produce oxides and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
The passage which describes the weather in the earth can be completed as follows:
Primordial seas absorbed gases of the atmosphere, there was a heavy concentration of ultraviolet radiation from the sun, and frequent lightning strikes, and the environment was helpful in producing inorganic molecules from organic molecules.
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you find 10 mutants, and want to investigate them further. you wonder if a complementation test will help you determine how many unique genes have been mutated in these 10 mutants. first, you cross mutant one with a wild-type, and you see that the phenotype of the offspring is mutant. from this, you can conclude that complementation tests will definitely not work to help you answer your question.
Answers
A single wild type phenotype exhibits numerous mutations. Whether any of mutations affect just one gene, or if each mutation affects one of many genes required for expression of a phenotype.
The complementation test is the simplest way to separate the two possibilities. The test is straightforward to carry out; two mutants are crossed, and the F1 generation is examined. We infer that each mutation is in one of the two potential genes required for the wild type phenotype if the F1 exhibits the wild type phenotype. Alternatively, if the F1 exhibits a mutant phenotype rather than the wild-type phenotype, we infer that the two mutations are present in the same gene.
The mutant allele of gene A and the wild type allele of gene B, each supplied by one of the mutant parents, will both be expressed in the F1 when it is born. The F1 will also express the wild-type allele for gene A and the mutant allele for gene B provided by the other mutant parent. The wild type phenotype is shown because the F1 is expressing both of the required wild type alleles. A mutant form of the gene will be expressed by each homolog in the F1 if the mutations are in the same gene, on the other hand. A mutant phenotype develops in the absence of a normally functioning gene product in the individual.
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Each month, a graafian follicle ruptures on the ovarian cortex, and an ovum releases into the pelvic cavity and into the fallopian tube. This process is known as ________.
Answers
Each month, a graafian follicle ruptures on the ovarian cortex, and an ovum releases into the pelvic cavity and into the fallopian tube. This process is known as Ovulation.
The process of an egg being released from the ovary is called ovulation. The egg is released and travels down the fallopian tube, where it remains for 12 to 24 hours before being fertilized. The egg may or may not be fertilized by sperm when it is released. If the egg is fertilized, it may move to the uterus where it will implant and grow into a pregnancy.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which is released by your body during the follicular phase, aids in the maturation and preparation of the egg in your ovary for release.
When the egg is fully developed, your body produces a large amount of luteinizing hormone (LH), which causes the egg to be released. Around day 14, between 28 and 36 hours after the LH spike, ovulation typically takes place.
Luteinization occurs after ovulation. In the event of pregnancy, hormones will prevent the lining from shedding. If not, bleeding will begin on or around day 28 of the cycle, starting the following cycle.
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After incubation, the addition of nitrate reagents A and B did not produce a color change. However, upon the addition of zinc dust, a vivid red color was produced. What is the correct interpretation of these results?
Answers
Nitrate has been reduced to nitrite by the bacteria in the sample. When nitrate reagents A and B are added to the sample, they react with nitrite to produce a red color. Since there was no color change when these reagents were added, it indicates that there was no nitrite present in the sample.
In general , The presence of a red color after the addition of zinc dust indicates that there was no nitrite present in the sample, as all the nitrate had been reduced by the zinc dust.
these results suggest that the bacteria in the sample have reduced nitrate to nitrite, and then further reduced nitrite to nitrogen gas or other end products, leaving no nitrite in the sample.
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In the year 2500, five male space colonists and five female space colonists (all unrelated to each other) settle on an uninhabited Earthlike planet in the Andromeda galaxy. The colonists and their offspring randomly mate for generations. All ten of the original colonists had free earlobes, and two were heterozygous for that trait. The allele for free earlobes is dominant to the allele for attached earlobes. If one assumes that Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium applies to the population of colonists on this planet, about how many people will have attached earlobes when the planet's population reaches 10,000
Answers
Answer:
100 individuals will have attached earlobes out of a population of 10000
Explanation:
From the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; p² + 2pq + q². Also, p + q = 1
p² = population of individuals breeding true for free earlobes
2pq = population of individuals heterozygous for free earlobes
q² = population of individuals breeding true for attached earlobes
p = frequency of dominant allele
q = frequency of recessive allele
The dominant trait is free earlobes while the recessive trait is attached earlobes.
Eight out of ten are breed-true for free earlobes, whereas, two were heterozygous for that trait.
p² = 8/10 = 0.8
p = 0.89 or approximately 0.9
q = 1 - p
q = 1 - 0.9
q = 0.1
q² = (0.1)²
q² = 0.01
For a population of 10000 persons, number of people with attached earlobes will be:
0.01 * 10000 = 100 persons
Therefore, 100 individuals will have attached earlobes out of a population of 10000
1.
Large sharks eat many other marine life animals. The sharks and the animals they eat are all part of which level of organization?
Answers
Answer:
These sharks eat small fishes that come to the level 2 and small planktons as level 1
Explanation:
Cancer can strike anyone and at any time in a person's life. Cancer also can strike any organ or organ system. However, the risk of developing cancer varies with age, and it varies from person to person. Many types of cancer are more common in some families than others, which means that genes play a role. Other cancers are linked to the environment.
What is Cancer ?
A. A mutation in a gene that decreases cell devision
B. Uncontrolled Mitosis
C. Uncontrolled Meiosis
D. A bacterial infection that causes swelling in body tissue
Answers
Answer:
A. A mutation in a gene that decreases cell devision
Explanation:did the test
Cancer is a mutation in a gene that decreases cell division.
What are the features of cell division?
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle in which the cell grows and replicates its chromosome before dividing.
Moreover, these phases are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cytokinesis is the final physical cell division that follows telophase, and is therefore sometimes considered a sixth phase of mitosis.
There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Most of the time when people refer to “cell division,” they mean mitosis, the process of making new body cells.
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I WILL MARK BRAINIEST IF CORRECT
Why do boys tend to get so nervous when they talk to a girl and what does that mean??
What does it mean when a guy looks at you at random points throughout the day??
Answers
Answer:
1. It's because when they talk to girls (Not all), they fill their head with all sorts of doubts and worries and then feels nervous as a result.. like for example they could be thinking "Am I making the right impression? Am I too annoying? What does she think of me?"
2. It means that they think that person is pretty. But if it gets too weird or annoying, you should report/tell an adult about it right away.
On the pH scale, a 7 indicates
O neutrality
an acid
a base
Answers
Answer: On the pH scale, 7 is neutral.
Explanation:
can the presence of feathers and wings be considered a synapomorphy that triggered the adaptive radiation of living birds?
Answers
No, the presence of wings and feathers cannot be considered a synapomorphy that triggered the adaptive radiation of living birds.
These traits cannot be considered a synapomorphy for living birds because if the feathers and wings existed even before the origin of true birds it means they are not unique and hence cannot be considered a synapomorphy for them.
The process in which the organisms such as birds, branch out quickly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms is known as adaptive radiation. They diversify due to changes in the environment which makes new resources available, opens new places in the environment, or creates some new challenges.
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Identify the type of given sentence:-
Although it was dark, we decided to keep on driving
Answers
Express this sense sequence as a polypeptide. Use the three letter abbreviation and separate the amino acids with a dash - e.g. Trp-Thr-Ala. If there is a stop codon - you may add an asterisk to the sequence - e.g. Trp-Thr-Ala-* ATTTTAGCCATGCCCGGGAAAATACGCCGCCCTCCCGGTACACCATTGTTCGGCAAATAAAAATAAAAT polypeptide sequence [answer1] what is the DNA sequence of the 5' UTR? [answer2] what is the RNA sequence of the 3' UTR [answer3]
Answers
Answer:
- Protein sequence: Met-Pro-Gly-Lys-Ile-Arg-Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Thr-Pro-Leu-Phe-Gly-Lys-*
- DNA 5' UTR: ATTTTAGCC
- RNA 3' UTR: UAAAAAUAAAAU
Explanation:
Transcription is the process in which a DNA sequence (e.g., a gene) is used as template (transcribed) in order to synthesize an RNA molecule, usually a messenger RNA molecule, which is then used as template to produce a polypeptide sequence (protein) in the ribosomes. In RNA, Thymine (T) bases are always replaced by Uracil (U) bases. An mRNA strand is formed in the 5′ to 3′ direction. Each triplet of nucleotides is referred to as a codon and the resulting mRNA strand is translated starting from codon AUG (Methionine), while there are three different stop codons or 'or termination codons' in the genetic code that terminate translation: UAG, UAA, and UGA.
3. Bacteria and fungi are decomposers, and are responsible for
making food rot. Our ancestors preserved food by heavily salting
meat and fish, and making jelly "preserves" by adding lots of
sugar to fruit. Why does this work?
Answers
Answer:
carry out the process of decomposition
Which of the following air pollutant can be released by natural wild fires?
ozone
mercury
smog
carbon monoxide
Answers
Answer:
the answer i got was ozone
Answer:
carbon monoxide
Explanation:
HELP!! I'll give you brainliest if you answer this question!!
Answers
R stands for the alkyl or aryl group.
What is amino acid?The amino acid is the building block for proteins. We know that the proteins are macromolecules. The macromolecules can be broken into smaller parts. The proteins are formed from amino acids by condensation reaction.
We must note that in organic chemistry, the R chains could be very long or sometimes be an aryl group and the nature of the R group has an overall impact on the nature of the molecule.
Thus, in a compound we have to identify all the groups that are present in order to identify the molecule and place it accurately.
The amino acid is composed of the alkyl group (R) the amine group (-NH2) and the acid group (-COOH). Hence, the designation that is shown as R in the structure that is shown in the question stands for the alkyl or aryl group in the amino acid.
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There are 100 ___
are in a meter
meters
millimeters
kilometers
centimeters
fill in the blank
Answers
Answer:
D. Centimeters
Explanation:
There are 100 centimeters in a meter. 100-1 is centimeters-meters. You can remember this because centimeters has "cent" in it and you need 100 cents to make 1 dollar. I hope this helps!
Liquids__
A) take the shape of their
container
B) do not have a definite shape
C) have molecules with no regular structure
D) have molecules with a lot of space between them
E) all of the above
F) none of the above
help a girl out! thanks so much ! pls help me
Answers
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Why do frogs have triangular heads?
Plz help me with this question!!
Answers
Answer:
Aquatic frogs tend to have long, flat skulls, while digging species often have short skulls with pointed snouts, a shape that also enables them to use their mouths like chopsticks to catch small, scurrying prey such as ants and termites.
Explanation:
What does the Theory of Evolution state and what are the 4 evidences for it? *
Answers
Answer:
Mark me brainliest please I really need itExplanation:
In biology, evolution is the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection. The theory of evolution is based on the idea that all species are related and gradually chamge over time.Darwin's theory consisted of two main points; 1) diverse groups of animals evolve from one or a few common ancestors; 2) the mechanism by which this evolution takes place is natural selection.Evidence that supports the theory of evolution are fossils, embryological studies, anatomical and morphological characteristics (homologous organs, analogous organs, vestigial organs), molecular biology (comparing DNA sequences).Determine if each factor is biotic or abiotic
Answers
Answer:
Grasshopper: Biotic
Pond water: Abiotic
Dead tree: Abiotic
Soil: Has both but it is better to say Abiotic
Fungus: Biotic
Temperature: Abiotic
Answer:
Biotic Factors: grasshopper, dead tree, fungus
Abiotic Factors: Pond water, soil, temperature
The formula CaCl, represents the compound
Answers
Answer:
It represents the compound calcium chloride
Explanation:
Which cellular structures would you find in plant cell but not in an animal cell?
Answers
Answer: cell wall and lysosomes
Explanation:
which protein, acting as a hormone, regulates blood glucose? a. insulin b. thyroxine c. antidiuretic d. oxytocin e. prolactin
Answers
The protein acting as a hormone that regulates blood glucose is a) insulin.
Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas and plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels rise, such as after a meal, insulin is released into the bloodstream. Insulin acts on various tissues, particularly the liver, muscle, and adipose (fat) cells, promoting the uptake and storage of glucose. It helps lower blood glucose levels by facilitating the movement of glucose from the bloodstream into these cells, where it is either used for energy or stored as glycogen.
Insulin also suppresses the production of glucose by the liver. In individuals with diabetes, either insufficient insulin is produced (type 1 diabetes) or the body's cells become resistant to the effects of insulin (type 2 diabetes), leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Insulin therapy or other treatments are used to manage and control blood glucose in individuals with diabetes.
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