Consider the following four molecules. which of these satisfy the octet rule and which do not?
a. PF5 b. CS2 c. BBr3 d. CO32

Answer:

Radioactive isotopes have many useful applications. In medicine, for example, cobalt-60 is extensively employed as a radiation source to arrest the development of cancer. Other radioactive isotopes are used as tracers for diagnostic purposes as well as in research on metabolic processes.

Explanation:

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Answer:

they are weighted averages of the masses and abundances of all of the isotopes of that element.

Explanation:

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1)The bond between silicon and chlorine will be covalent bond.

2) The mass and amount of atoms are same . bonds between atom  will change.

3) the balanced reaction is :

4NO   +   6H₂O    ---->   4NH₃  +   5O₂

1) The valence electron in silicon is 4 and the valance electron in chlorine is 7 . there is not much difference in their electronegativity . so, they do not form ionic bond they will form covalent bond.

2) In a chemical reaction the 2 things that are always same is the amount of atoms and the mass . the one thing that will change is the bonding between the atoms.

3) the reaction is :

NO   +   H₂O    ---->   NH₃  +   O₂

            reactants           products

N                  1                         1

O                  2                       2

H                   2                    3

hydrogen is not balanced . so multipy 3 in H₂O and 2 in   NH₃ and 2 in NO 5/2 in O₂

2NO   +   3H₂O    ---->   2NH₃  +   5/2O₂

now the reaction is balance . to make it whole number multiply thae whole equation with 2, we get:

4NO   +   6H₂O    ---->   4NH₃  +   5O₂

Thus, 1)The bond between silicon and chlorine will be covalent bond.

2) The mass and amount of atoms are same . bonds between atom  will change.

3) the balanced reaction is :

4NO   +   6H₂O    ---->   4NH₃  +   5O₂

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Answer:

80.2

Explanation:

we subtract 18.2 from the total percentage which is 100%

The measured dipole moment of a polar covalent compound is 1.11 D with a percent ionic character of 18.2%. Therefore, the bond length of this compound will be 1.270 angstrom.

Dipole moment results due to the separation of charges in a compound. Dipole moment can occur between the two ions present in an ionic bond or between the atoms present in a covalent bond. Dipole moment occurs due to the differences in electronegativity of atoms. The larger the difference in electronegativity between ions, the larger the dipole moment of the compound.

The bond length of the compound can be calculated with the help of the formula:

Measured dipole moment = 1.11 D

Theoretical bond length = 4.8×bond length

Percentage ionic character =  (μ₁ / μ₂) × 100

where, μ₁ = μ theoretical,

μ₂ = μ experimental

Putting the values in formula we get,

18.2 = (1.11/ 4.8 × bond length) × 100

Bond length = (1.11/ 4.8 × 18.2) × 100

Bond length = 111/ 87.36

Bond length = 1.270

Therefore, the bond length of the dipole is 1.270 angstrom.

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Work Shown:

Using the periodic table, we see that

These are approximations and these values are often found underneath the atomic symbol. For example, the atomic weight listed under carbon is roughly 12.011 grams. I'm rounding to 2 sig figs in those numbers listed above.

So 1 mole of CO2 is approximately 12+2*16 = 44 grams. The 2 is there since we have 2 oxygens attached to the carbon atom.

-------------------

Since 1 mole of CO2 is 44 grams, we can use that to convert from grams to moles.

11.0 grams of CO2 = (11.0 grams)*(1 mol/44 g) = (11.0/44) mol = 0.250 mol of CO2

In short,

11.0 grams of CO2 = 0.250 mol of CO2

This is approximate.

We don't need to use any of the information in the table.

Answer:

.250

Explanation:

Density is defined as mass of the given matter divided by its volume

it's  SI unit is kg/m³

given,  density = 6.8 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³)

mass = 5.3 grams (g).

D = M ÷ V

V = M ÷ D

V = 5.3 ÷ 6.8

V = 0.77941 g/cm³

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The discrepancies in ionization energy within periods 2, 3, and 4 can be accounted for by considering the electron configuration and the concept of effective nuclear charge.

It depends on factors such as the nuclear charge (proton number) and the shielding effect of inner electrons.

In period 2 (from Be to O), the general trend is that ionization energy increases as you move across the period from left to right. However, there are exceptions at B and O, where the ionization energy is lower than expected.

The discrepancies can be explained by the electron configuration and the concept of effective nuclear charge. At B, there is a half-filled p orbital (2p1), which provides additional stability and makes it easier to remove an electron, resulting in a lower ionization energy compared to Be. Similarly, at O, there is a full p orbital (2p4), which again adds stability and lowers the ionization energy compared to N.

In period 3 and 4, similar trends can be observed. The discrepancies in ionization energy can be attributed to electron configurations that result in increased stability and easier removal of electrons.

The discrepancies in ionization energy within periods 2, 3, and 4 can be explained by considering the electron configuration and the concept of effective nuclear charge. The presence of stable electron configurations, such as half-filled or filled orbitals, can lead to lower ionization energy values compared to neighboring elements. This understanding helps explain the observed trends in ionization energy and highlights the importance of electron configuration in determining the physical properties of elements.

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Answer:

by washing your hands

keeping distance if its a contagious disease

eat well

The molarity of the 12 mL HCl solution needed to neutralise 20 mL 0.010 M Ca(OH)₂ solution is 0.033 M

2HCl + Ca(OH)₂ —> CaCl₂ + 2H₂O

From the balanced equation above,

The mole ratio of the acid, HCl (nA) = 2

The mole ratio of the base, Ca(OH)₂ (nB) = 1

MaVa / MbVb = nA / nB

(Ma × 12) / (0.01 × 20) = 2

(Ma × 12) / 0.2  = 2

Cross multiply

Ma × 12  = 0.2 × 2

Ma × 12 = 0.4

Divide both side by 12

Ma = 0.4 / 12

Ma = 0.033 M

Thus, the molarity of the HCl solution is 0.033 M

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A-) A hypothesis is a tentative explanation, while a theory is a well-supported and comprehensive explanation.

(b) A scientific law describes a concise pattern, while a theory provides a comprehensive explanation for a wide range of phenomena.

A- ) A hypothesis and a theory differ in their level of supporting evidence and scope. A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that is based on limited evidence and serves as a starting point for further investigation. A theory, on the other hand, is a well-substantiated and comprehensive explanation that has been repeatedly tested and supported by a substantial body of evidence.

(b) A theory and a scientific law differ in their nature and scope. A scientific law describes a concise mathematical or descriptive relationship that consistently holds true under specific conditions. It summarizes observable patterns in nature. In contrast, a theory provides a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of phenomena and incorporates multiple hypotheses, observations, and experimental data. Theories are based on well-established principles and have undergone rigorous testing and peer review, whereas scientific laws are more limited in scope and typically focus on specific mathematical relationships or patterns.

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The pH of a 0.30 M solution of sodium benzoate is approximately 2.73.

The pH of a 0.30 M solution of sodium benzoate can be calculated using the Ka of benzoic acid and the equation for the dissociation of a weak acid.

First, write the equation for the dissociation of benzoic acid:

C6H5COOH + H2O ⇌ C6H5COO- + H3O+

The Ka expression for this reaction is:

Ka = [C6H5COO-][H3O+]/[C6H5COOH]

Since sodium benzoate is the salt of the conjugate base of benzoic acid, it completely dissociates in water to form the benzoate anion (C6H5COO-) and sodium cation (Na+). Therefore, the initial concentration of benzoate anion in the solution is 0.30 M.

Since the dissociation of sodium benzoate is negligible, we can assume that the concentration of benzoic acid is negligible compared to the initial concentration of benzoate anion. Therefore, we can simplify the Ka expression to:

Ka = [C6H5COO-][H3O+]/0.30M

Solving for [H3O+], we get:

[H3O+] = sqrt(Ka x 0.30M/[C6H5COO-])

Plugging in the values, we get:

[H3O+] = sqrt(6.50 x 10^-5 x 0.30M/1) = 1.85 x 10^-3 M

Finally, we can find the pH using the pH equation:

pH = -log[H3O+]

pH = -log(1.85 x 10^-3) = 2.73

Therefore, the pH of a 0.30 M solution of sodium benzoate is approximately 2.73.

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Answer and Explanation:

A) Unconditioned Stimulus- The onion

B) Unconditional Response- Crying

C) Conditioned Stimulus- Chiming clock

D) Conditioned Response- Crying

In the above scenario( an example of classical conditioning), Elmer has been conditioned by the continuous iterations of having to cook everyday by 5pm. He cooks with onions by 5pm around the same time his uncle's clock chimes five times. He cries/has teary eyes(unconditioned response) because of the response to the onions(unconditioned stimulus) around the same time the clock chimes five times thereby conditioning his response so that even when the onions isn't there/he isn't even cooking, he tears up to the clock chimes around 5pm. The clock is therefore a conditioned stimulus and there is a conditioned response of crying.

The unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus happens naturally(an instinct) because it is a biological response to the onions, not conditioned.

Answer:

flourine 19F-

Explanation:

because we have 1 extra electron so the charge should be negative, then check the number of protons to know the atomic number, and 9 is flourine

The moles of water are used in the given reaction between CO₂ & H₂O is 12 moles.

Mass of any substance will be calculated by using their moles as:

n = W/M , where

W = given or required mass

M = molar mass

Given chemical reaction is:

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Moles of 528 g of CO₂ = 528g / 44.01g/mol = 11.99 moles

From the stoichiometry of the reaction, it is clear that:

6 moles of CO₂ = reacts with 6 moles of H₂O

So, 11.99 moles of CO₂ = reacts with 11.99 = 12 moles of H₂O

Hence option (a)is correct i.e. 12 moles.

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Answer:

A

Explanation:

Phenyl propyl is a chemical term that refers to a molecule containing a phenyl group (a six-membered aromatic ring made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms) attached to a propyl group (a three-carbon chain).

The phenyl group is a six-membered aromatic ring consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms, while the propyl group is a three-carbon chain. The combination of these two groups can result in the formation of a wide range of chemical compounds with diverse properties and applications.

For example, phenyl propyl ether is a common compound in which a phenyl group is attached to a propyl group via an oxygen atom, while phenyl propylamine is a compound containing a phenyl and propyl group attached to a nitrogen atom, commonly used in the production of pharmaceuticals and other chemicals.

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Answer:

Explanation:

The density of ammonia gas (NH3) at 66°C and 2.3 atm pressure is approximately 2.39 g/L.

To find the density of ammonia gas (NH3) at 66°C and 2.3 atm pressure, we can use the ideal gas law:

PV = nRT

where: P is the pressure (2.3 atm),

V is the volume,

n is the number of moles,

R is the ideal gas constant (0.0821 L·atm/mol·K),

T is the temperature (66°C = 339.15 K).

We can rearrange the equation to solve for the volume:

V = (nRT) / P

To find the density, we need to convert the number of moles to grams and divide by the volume:

Density = (n × molar mass) / V

The molar mass of ammonia (NH3) is:

1 atom of nitrogen (N) = 14.01 g/mol

3 atoms of hydrogen (H) = 3 × 1.01 g/mol

Molar mass of NH3 = 14.01 g/mol + 3 × 1.01 g/mol = 17.03 g/mol

Substituting the values into the equations:

V = (nRT) / P = (1 mol × 0.0821 L·atm/mol·K × 339.15 K) / 2.3 atm ≈ 12.06 L

Density = (n × molar mass) / V = (1 mol × 17.03 g/mol) / 12.06 L ≈ 2.39 g/L

Therefore, the density of ammonia gas (NH3) at 66°C and 2.3 atm pressure is approximately 2.39 g/L.

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There are  4.172 x 10^4 moles of carbon in the given sample of 25.125 x 10^27 atoms

To determine the number of moles of carbon in a sample of 25.125 x 10^27 atoms, we need to use Avogadro's number, which relates the number of atoms or molecules to the number of moles.

Avogadro's number (N_A) is approximately 6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol.

First, we can convert the given number of atoms to moles using the following formula:

Number of moles = Number of atoms / Avogadro's number

Number of moles = 25.125 x 10^27 atoms / (6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol)

Simplifying the calculation:

Number of moles = (25.125 / 6.022) x (10^27 / 10^23) mol

Number of moles = 4.172 x 10^4 mol

Therefore, there are approximately 4.172 x 10^4 moles of carbon in the given sample of 25.125 x 10^27 atoms.

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Answer:2

Explanation:

Answer:

Sometimes forces act to pull sections of the Earth's crust apart. At other times they are forced together. All this movement can cause rocks that were once underground to be brought up to the Earth's surface. This process is called uplift.

Explanation:

Hope this helped you out have a good day

The specie that we were asked to identify is the sodium ion.

An atom is the smallest particle of a substance that can take part in a chemical reaction. Now we know that the atom is composed of the electrons, protons and neutrons.

In the sodium ion, there are 10 electrons, 11 protons and 12 neutrons. As such, the mass number of sodium is 23. It then follows that the specie that we were asked to identify is the sodium ion.

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First, let's draw the Lewis dots.

It's represented by a bent molecular geometry.

As you can observe, there are two single bonds and 2 lone pairs of electrons, which means there are 10 electron domains, so it's tetrahedral.

According to the Lewis structure of OF₂ there are 10 electron domains in the given compound.

Lewis structures are also called as electron dot structures and can be drawn if the molecular formula of a compound is known. It provides information regarding the nature of bond and the position of atoms .

They are also capable of exhibiting the lone pair if any present in a molecule or compound.Lewis defined a base to be an electron pair donor and an acid to be an electron pair acceptor.

They are capable of reflecting electronic structure of elements and even the pairing of electrons . In the diagram, each dot represents an electron while a pair of dots represent a bond between the atoms.It fails to explain the geometry of molecules.

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Universe, Stars, Planets, Asteroids

Answer:

Universe, Stars, Planets, Asteroids

Explanation:

Answer:

A. 2.8dm³

B.2.8dm³

this are the answers, the calculation is shown in the attachment

A)Acid Dissociation Reactions of Oxalic Acid. The ionization constant (Ka) of oxalic acid is given by the reaction:H_{2}C_{2}O_{4 }+ H_{2}O ⇌ H_{3}O+ + HC_{2}O_{4-}.

B)The equilibrium constant for the basic dissociation of a conjugate base is given by Kb. Kb values are the opposite of Ka values (Kb = Kw/Ka) and are also used to compare the strength of a base's conjugate acid.

A) Acid Dissociation Reactions of Oxalic Acid. The ionization constant (Ka) of oxalic acid is given by the reaction:H_{2}C_{2}O_{4 }+ H_{2}O ⇌ H_{3}O+ + HC_{2}O_{4-}; Ka1 = 5.90 × 10-2 The reaction above describes the primary ionization of oxalic acid, where one of the two acidic hydrogen ions (protons) is lost. The loss of the second hydrogen ion is given by the second equilibrium:H_{2}C_{2}O_{4 }+ H_{2}O ⇌ H_{3}O^{+}+ C_{2}O_{4}^{2-}; Ka2 = 6.40 * 10^{-5} Oxalic acid is a diprotic acid, implying that it has two dissociable protons. It can thus release two protons when dissolved in water. The stronger the acid, the weaker its conjugate base, which means that the conjugate base of the first equilibrium is stronger than that of the second equilibrium.

B) Base Reaction with Water for Each Conjugate BaseThe corresponding base reactions with water for the conjugate bases are:H_{2}C_{2}O_{4 }+ H_{2}O ⇌ H_{3}O+ + HC_{2}O_{4-}; Ka1 = 5.90 * 10-2 H_{2}C_{2}O_{4 }+ H_{2}O ⇌ H_{3}O^{+}+ C_{2}O_{4}^{2-}; Ka2 = 6.40 × 10-5.The equilibrium constant for the basic dissociation of a conjugate base is given by Kb. Kb values are the opposite of Ka values (Kb = Kw/Ka) and are also used to compare the strength of a base's conjugate acid.

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Using the law of the conservation of mass, the reactions can be shown to obey the law.

We need to know what the law of the conservation of mass says so that we can be able to know how we can be able to apply the law in the proper perspective. We have to know that the law says that total mass of the system would remain constant. The implication of this is that the mass before the reaction would be the same as the mass after the reaction. The mass of the substance must be able to add up in the system that is under study as we have one here.

Mass of the iron = 56 g

Mass of the chlorine = 35.5 g

Balanced reaction equation;

\(2Fe + 3Cl_{2} ---- > 2FeCl_{3}\)

This is the  formation of the iron III chloride

Total mass on the right hand side = 2(56) + 6(35.5) = 325 g

Total mass on the left hand side = 2[56 + 3(35.5)] = 325 g

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Solution B has a greater concentration of hydroxide ions which has pOH of 12.5.

pOH is the negative logarithm of the hydroxide ion concentration.

To calculate pOH, divide 14 by the pH of the solution.

In acidic solutions, the concentration of hydroxide ions is typically lower than that of hydronium ions. In alkaline solutions, the opposite is true; the concentration of hydroxide ions is usually greater than that of hydronium ions. As a result, the pOH value will vary depending on the acidity or alkalinity of the solution.

In this question, the pOH of two solutions is given, and we have to determine which one has a higher concentration of hydroxide ions.

A solution with a lower pOH has a higher concentration of hydroxide ions.

As a result, solution B, which has a pOH of 12.5, has a higher concentration of hydroxide ions than solution A, which has a pOH of 6.1.

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The sequence of bases that would result in the strand of mRNA is UCG CGA, which corresponds to option A.

During transcription, RNA polymerase synthesizes a complementary strand of mRNA using the DNA template strand. The DNA bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T) are replaced with their RNA counterparts, uracil (U), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and adenine (A), respectively.

The given DNA sequence is AGC GCT. To determine the sequence of the resulting mRNA, we need to substitute each DNA base with its corresponding RNA base.

A (adenine) in DNA pairs with U (uracil) in RNA.

G (guanine) in DNA pairs with C (cytosine) in RNA.

C (cytosine) in DNA pairs with G (guanine) in RNA.

T (thymine) in DNA pairs with A (adenine) in RNA.

Applying these base pairings to the given DNA sequence, we get the following mRNA sequence:

AGC GCT

U (A) C (G) G (C) C (G) G (C) A (U)

Therefore, the resulting sequence of bases in the mRNA strand is UCG CGA.

Option A: UCG CGA matches the sequence obtained by transcription and is the correct answer.

Option B: UCG CGU is incorrect because it contains a uracil (U) instead of an adenine (A) in the last position.

Option C: TCG CGA is incorrect because it uses thymine (T) instead of uracil (U), which is the RNA counterpart of adenine (A).

Option D: AGC GCT is the original DNA sequence and does not represent the mRNA sequence. Option A

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Answer:

d. 12.3 grams of Al2O3

Explanation:

The balanced chemical equation of this chemical reaction is as follows:

4Al + 3O2 --> 2Al2O3

Based on the balanced equation, 4 moles of aluminum (limiting reagent) reacts to form 2 moles of aluminum oxide (Al2O3).

First, we need to convert the mass of aluminum to moles using the formula;

mole = mass/molar mass

Molar mass of Al = 27g/mol

mole = 6.50/27

= 0.241mol of Al.

Hence, if 4 moles of aluminum (limiting reagent) reacts to form 2 moles of aluminum oxide (Al2O3).

Then, 0.241mol of Al will produce (0.241 × 2/4) = 0.241/2 = 0.121mol of Al2O3.

Convert this mole value to molar mass using mole = mass/molar mass

Molar mass of Al2O3 = 27(2) + 16(3)

= 54 + 48

= 102g/mol

mass = molar mass × mole

mass = 102 × 0.121

mass of Al2O3 = 12.34grams.