Chemical analysis of citric acid shows that it contains 37.51%c 4.20% h, and 58.29% o. What is its empirical formula?
Answers
The empirical formula of citric acid is C₃H₄O₃.
To determine the empirical formula of citric acid based on its elemental composition, we need to convert the percentages into moles and find the simplest ratio of the elements present.
Given the percentages:
Carbon (C): 37.51%
Hydrogen (H): 4.20%
Oxygen (O): 58.29%
Assume we have 100 grams of citric acid, which allows us to directly convert the percentages into grams.
Carbon (C): 37.51 grams
Hydrogen (H): 4.20 grams
Oxygen (O): 58.29 grams
Next, we calculate the number of moles for each element using their respective atomic masses:
Carbon (C): 37.51 g / 12.01 g/mol = 3.12 mol
Hydrogen (H): 4.20 g / 1.01 g/mol = 4.16 mol
Oxygen (O): 58.29 g / 16.00 g/mol = 3.64 mol
Now, we divide each element's moles by the smallest number of moles (3.12) to obtain the simplest, whole-number ratio:
Carbon (C): 3.12 mol / 3.12 mol = 1
Hydrogen (H): 4.16 mol / 3.12 mol = 1.33
Oxygen (O): 3.64 mol / 3.12 mol = 1.17
Rounding to the nearest whole number, we find the empirical formula of citric acid is:
C₁H₁.₃₃O₁.₁₇
However, since we need to express the formula with whole numbers, we multiply all the subscripts by 3 to get:
C₃H₄O₃
Therefore, Citric acid's empirical formula is C₃H₄O₃.
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Related Questions
An analyst was preparing standard solutions. While transferring the solid analyte to the volumetric flask, some amount of the solid stuck to the weigh paper and was not transferred. The measured concentrations came out a bit low for this solution. This is an example of:
Answers
The phenomenon described in the given question, where some amount of the solid stuck to the weigh paper and was not transferred, is an example of a volumetric error in the preparation of standard solutions.
A standard solution is a solution with a precisely known concentration of an element or a substance. They are prepared to a specific concentration by dissolving a known quantity of a pure substance in a particular solvent in a volumetric flask.
Volumetric errors are a type of systematic error that occurs when preparing standard solutions. They occur due to an error in the volume of solution added or when some of the solute gets lost during the transfer process. As a result, the measured concentration comes out a bit low for this solution.
To avoid such errors, it is essential to pay close attention to the precise amount of the analyte used and be careful while transferring it to the volumetric flask. Any loss of the solid during the transfer process will result in an incorrect concentration of the solution and can lead to incorrect results.
Thus, the correct answers is volumetric error.
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Match the chemical structures of the compounds with their corresponding names.
Answers
Answer:
a to b, b to d, d to e, e to c
Explanation:
1.25 x 10^25 atoms of magnesium = ? moles of magnesium
Answers
Explanation:
Moles of Mg= 1.25x10^25 atoms of Mg /6.02x10^23 atoms
6.02x10^23= Avogadro’s number or A
=20.7641196 moles of Magnesium or Mg
=21 moles of Magnesium or Mg
When the same quantity of electricity was passed through a dilute solution of sodium hydroxide and through a molten solution of lead bromide, 0.050 mol of lead was produced. what amount (in mol) of hydrogen gas was evolved
Answers
0.050 moles of hydrogen gas are liberated when a given quantity of charge liberates 0.050 moles of lead.
What amount in moles of hydrogen will be produced?The amount in moles of hydrogen produced when the same quantity of electricity is passed through different electrolytes is inversely proportional to the charge on the ions.
The charge on the Lead ion is +2.
The charge on the hydrogen ion is +1.
2 atoms of hydrogen gives one molecule of hydrogen gas.
Hence, equal charge liberates equal amounts in moles of lead and hydrogen gas.
Therefore, 0.050 moles of hydrogen gas are liberated when a given quantity of charge liberates 0.050 moles of lead.
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2. When you use a soap or detergent to wash, the surfactant molecules will interact with the dirt and oils to help wash them away. During this interaction something called a micelle is formed. (For mo
Answers
When you use a soap or detergent to wash, the surfactant molecules will interact with the dirt and oils to help wash them away. During this interaction, something called a micelle is formed.
A micelle is a cluster of surfactant molecules that are formed when soap or detergent molecules are mixed with water. When soap or detergent is added to water, the hydrophobic tails of the molecules (which do not mix with water) cluster together, while the hydrophilic heads (which are attracted to water) point outwards towards the water.
Micelles are formed by the hydrophobic tails of the surfactant molecules clustering together in the center, with the hydrophilic heads facing outward.
The soap or detergent's molecules' hydrophobic tails attract oils and dirt, while the hydrophilic heads attract water molecules. The hydrophobic tails of the detergent molecules encircle the dirt and oil particles, while the hydrophilic heads point outward toward the water, creating a micelle.
The micelles disperse the dirt and oil particles throughout the water so that they can be washed away.
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What shape is a prism?
Answers
Explanation:
A prism is a solid geometric figure with two identical parallel bases that are both polygons, and the lateral faces are parallelograms with pairs of opposite sides of equal length.
How many liters at STP are in 8.0 x 102 grams of sulfur dioxide?
Answers
Answer:
280 liters at STP are in 8.0*10² grams of sulfur dioxide.
Explanation:
The STP conditions refer to the standard temperature and pressure. Pressure values at 1 atmosphere and temperature at 0 ° C are used and are reference values for gases. And in these conditions 1 mole of any gas occupies an approximate volume of 22.4 liters.
In this case, the molar mass of sulfur dioxide, that is, the mass of one mole of the substance, is 64 g/mole.
You can apply the following rule of three: if by definition of molar mass 64 grams of sulfur dioxide are contained in 1 mole, 8.0*10² grams are contained in how many moles?
\(amount of moles=\frac{8*10^{2}grams*1 mole }{64 grams}\)
amount of moles= 12.5 moles
Now you can apply a new rule of three: if by STP conditions 1 mole of any gas occupies a volume of 22.4 liters, 12.5 moles will occupy how much volume?
\(volume=\frac{12.5 moles*22.4 L}{1 mole}\)
volume= 280 L
280 liters at STP are in 8.0*10² grams of sulfur dioxide.
Question 24 of 33
Which of the following pairs of elements will form covalent bonds with each
other?
The Periodic Table
A. Magnesium (Mg) and oxygen (0)
B. Chromium (Cr) and zinc (Zn)
O
C. Silicon (Si) and nitrogen (N)
D. Potassium (K) and bromine (Br)
Answers
The elements that will form covalent bonds are Silicon (Si) and nitrogen (N), option C.
What are covalent bonds?A covalent bond is formed between two atoms by the mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons. The two atomic nuclei attract these electrons at the same time. When the difference in electro-negativities of two atoms is too small for electron transfer to form ions, a covalent bond forms.
Hydrogen (H₂) is a molecule with a single covalent bond as well as Halogens like Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Silicon (Si) and nitrogen (N).
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If excess ammonium sulfate reacts with 20.0g of calcium hydroxide how many liters of ammonia are produced at STP?
(NH4) 2SO4 + Ca (OH) 2 --> CaSO4 + NH3 + H20
Answers
If excess ammonium sulfate reacts with 20.0g of calcium hydroxide then liters of ammonia are produced at STP 0.081L
Ammonium sulphate is the organic solvent and the primary use of ammonium sulphate is as a fertilizer for alkaline soils
Here given reaction is
(NH₄)₂SO₄ + Ca(OH)₂ → CaSO₄ + NH₃ + H₂O
Here given data is
Calcium hydroxide = 20.0g
We have to find liters of ammonia are produced at STP =?
20.0g of (NH₄)₂SO₄ STP = ?
Then 20.0g of (NH₄)₂SO₄×1 mol/132g×0.54L/1 mol = 0.081L
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Would you see more living things in a Biome or an Ecosystem?
Answers
Answer:
A Biome is way bigger than a ecosystem
Explanation:
answer: biome
because many ecosystems can make up a single biome.
choose the statement below that is false. question 2 options: a) a weak acid solution consists of mostly non ionized acid molecules. b) nonelectrolyte solutions do not conduct electricity. c) strong electrolytes completely dissociate into ions in water. d) a strong acid solution consists of only partially ionized acid molecules. e) a molecular compound does not ionize in solution.
Answers
Answer:
a weak acid consist of mostly non ionized acid molecule
Please help!! Needed by today!!
Answers
Answer:
heres your answer 50gms
A class has compiled this list of examples of artificial selection.
• The development by dog breeders of a variety of
poodles that have different coats that do not require
brushing
The crossbreeding of cows that have provided meat and
milk for humans for many centuries
• The breeding of domestic turkeys that have large
amounts of breast meat and a reduced wing size that
makes them unable to fly
• The creation of varieties of apples that remain crisp
throughout the winter but have less flavor
• The development of roses that will wilt quickly and have
long stems, no thorns, and no strong scent
Which three statements describe the common characteristics of all of the
examples of artificial selection?
Da
Db
c.
Artificial selection always requires a detailed knowledge of the genetic makeup of a species and a familiarity with the mathematics
of inherited traits.
Artificial selection infers that a species experiences natural genetic mutation rather than reproduction planned by humans.
Artificial selection involves enhancing the natural characteristics of a species through planning and coordination of its breeding.
Artificial selection has been practiced in many forms for centuries to improve crops and livestock
Artificial selection may have unintended consequences that can reduce the benefits of a species to humans or limit its function
Do
Oe
Answers
Answer:
the answer is d
Explanation:
Artificial selection may have unintended consequences that can reduce the benefits of a species to humans or limit its function. Therefore, the correct option is option D.
What is artificial selection?Growing and rearing livestock and plants for human use was one of the greatest important milestones in the advancement of the human species. Techniques have been developed over time to increase crop yields and generate animals with the best qualities. It is known as artificial selection. These beneficial characteristics gradually take over the population.
Artificial selection refers to the selective breeding practises used by humans to select for desirable qualities in organisms and pass those traits on to their offspring. Artificial selection may have unintended consequences that can reduce the benefits of a species to humans or limit its function.
Therefore, the correct option is option D.
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which is the strongest base in aqueous solution? a. hoc2h4oh b. ch3oh c. naoh d. nh3
Answers
Answer: option c) the strongest base in aqueous solution is NaOH
Explanation:
the strongest base in aqueous solution is NaOH because strength of a base is determined by its ability to donate hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution. and NaOH dissociates completely in water to produce Na+ and OH- ions. The presence of a fully dissociated hydroxide ion makes NaOH a strong base.
While, HOC2H4OH and CH3OH are weak acids. HOC2H4OH is ethylene glycol and CH3OH is methanol are weak acid due to the presence of the (-OH) group.
Also, NH3 (ammonia), is a weak base though it can accept H⁺ to form NH4+
To express very large or very small numbers, scientists use what
Answers
What are the main differences in the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides?
Answers
The main differences in the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides -
The key difference between purine and pyrimidine synthesis is that purine synthesis occurs mainly via salvage pathway while pyrimidine synthesis occurs mainly via De novo pathway.Purine and pyrimidine are nitrogen-containing bases.What are 2 differences between purine and pyrimidine?
The purines, adenine and thymine, are smaller two-ringed bases, while the pyrimidines, cytosine and uracil, are larger and have a single ring. The pyrimidines, cytosine and uracil, are smaller and have a single ring, while the purines, adenine and guanine, are larger and have two rings.What are the structural differences among purines and pyrimidines in DNA and RNA?
Purines and Pyrimidines are nitrogenous bases that make up the two different kinds of nucleotide bases in DNA and RNA. The two-carbon nitrogen ring bases (adenine and guanine) are purines, while the one-carbon nitrogen ring bases (thymine and cytosine) are pyrimidines.Learn more about purines and pyrimidines
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what did hooke find in his research
Answers
Answer:Robert Hooke, (born July 18 [July 28, New Style], 1635, Freshwater, Isle of Wight, England—died March 3, 1703, London), English physicist who discovered the law of elasticity, known as Hooke’s law, and who did research in a remarkable variety of fields.
Explanation:
In 1655 Hooke was employed by Robert Boyle to construct the Boylean air pump. Five years later, Hooke discovered his law of elasticity, which states that the stretching of a solid body (e.g., metal, wood) is proportional to the force applied to it. The law laid the basis for studies of stress and strain and for understanding of elastic materials. He applied these studies in his designs for the balance springs of watches. In 1662 he was appointed curator of experiments to the Royal Society of London and was elected a fellow the following year.
One of the first men to build a Gregorianreflecting telescope, Hooke discovered the fifth star in the Trapezium, an asterism in the constellation Orion, in 1664 and first suggested that Jupiter rotates on its axis. His detailed sketches of Mars were used in the 19th century to determine that planet’s rate of rotation.
NMR signals may consist of a single peak, or they may be ____ into several peaks. The number of peaks for a particular signal is called its _______.
Answers
NMR signals might be split into multiple peaks or can have just one peak. The multiplicity of a given signal is its total number of peaks.
Multiplicity is an indication of the number of equivalent hydrogen atoms that are bonded to the particular carbon atom that produces the NMR signal. For a single peak, the multiplicity is 1. This means that only one hydrogen atom is bonded to the carbon atom, and all of the hydrogen atoms are chemically identical. For a double peak, the multiplicity is 2. This means that two hydrogen atoms are bonded to the carbon atom, and the two hydrogen atoms are chemically different. For a triple peak, the multiplicity is 3. This means that three hydrogen atoms are bonded to the carbon atom, and the three hydrogen atoms are chemically different. For a quartet peak, the multiplicity is 4. This means that four hydrogen atoms are bonded to the carbon atom, and the four hydrogen atoms are chemically different. The multiplicity of an NMR signal is an important factor in determining the structure of the molecule, as it can help to identify the type of bonds that exist between the atoms.
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a 416g sample of carbon from ancient wood is found to have an activity of 108.7 decays/min. how many half lives
Answers
Half life here will be 0.006376 minutes
The half-life of a chemical reaction can be defined as the time taken for the concentration of a given reactant to reach 50% of its initial concentration that is the time taken for the reactant concentration to reach half of its initial value. It is generally denoted by the symbol ‘t1/2’ and is usually expressed in seconds or also in minutes.
Understanding the concept of half-life is basically useful for determining excretion rates as well as steady-state concentrations for any specific drug. Different drugs have different half-lives; however, they all follow this rule that is after one half-life has passed, 50% of the initial drug amount is removed from the body.
To calculate half life we use the below given formula;
\(t_{1/2}\) = ln(2) where k is the decay constant = 108.7
k
\(t_{1/2}\) = ln (2) ⇒ 0.006376 minutes
108.7
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what is the purpose of the lower air dam in the front of the vehicle?
Answers
The purpose of the lower air dam in the front of a vehicle is to improve aerodynamics and increase fuel efficiency. The air dam, also known as a front spoiler or splitter, is typically a protruding lip or panel located at the bottom of the front bumper.
When the vehicle is in motion, the air dam helps to redirect the airflow underneath the vehicle. It creates a smoother flow of air, reducing turbulence and minimizing drag. By reducing aerodynamic drag, the vehicle experiences less resistance, allowing it to move more efficiently through the air.
The improved aerodynamics provided by the lower air dam can result in reduced fuel consumption, as the engine does not have to work as hard to overcome air resistance. This makes the vehicle more fuel-efficient and can contribute to better overall performance.
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The quantity of refrigerant in a system is less critical when the system has a(n).
Answers
The quantity of refrigerant in a system is less critical when the system has increased operating pressures.
A low coolant level can cause the engine to overheat. This can cause the compressor not to start or the circuit breaker to trip prematurely. If left unchecked, the engine will eventually burn out and completely stall. Refrigerants with a low critical temperature have a large decrease in cooling performance.
The critical temperature of the refrigerant should be higher than the condensing temperature to obtain greater heat transfer at a constant temperature. When the air conditioner runs low on refrigerant, it loses its ability to transfer heat from within. This means that the air that's being blown into your AC coil isn't cooling properly, so your vents will start circulating warm air throughout your home.
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ta shell can hold a maximum of 32 electrons, what is the value of n?
Answers
Answer:
4
Explanation:
If an electron shell can hold a maximum of 32 electrons the value of n = 4
Aluminum metal reacts with dilute sulfuric acid to produce aluminum sulfate and hydrogen gas. what mass of aluminum, in grams, will react with 6.153 g of sulfuric acid?
Answers
To determine the mass of aluminum that will react with 6.153 g of sulfuric acid, we need to consider the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between aluminum and sulfuric acid. By calculating the molar mass of sulfuric acid and using stoichiometry, we can find the mass of aluminum needed.
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between aluminum and sulfuric acid is:
2Al + 3H2SO4 -> Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2
From the balanced equation, we can see that 2 moles of aluminum react with 3 moles of sulfuric acid. First, we calculate the number of moles of sulfuric acid using its molar mass.
Next, using the stoichiometric ratio from the balanced equation, we can determine the number of moles of aluminum needed to react with the calculated moles of sulfuric acid. Finally, we convert the moles of aluminum to grams by multiplying by the molar mass of aluminum.
By performing these calculations, we can determine the mass of aluminum, in grams, that will react with 6.153 g of sulfuric acid.
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Calcium oxide (CaO) can react with carbon dioxide (CO2) in a synthesis reaction. Select the most likely products of this reaction. CaO CO2 → ? CaCO O2 CaCO3 Ca CO2 O.
Answers
Answer: CaCO3 reaction.
Explanation: CaO and combine together to result in the formation of calcium carbonate compound. we know it is a synthesis reaction.so we can conclude that the most likely products of Cao + co2 → CaCO3 reaction.
A dipole moment is the development of a positive end and a negative end within a due to the sharing of?
Answers
A dipole moment is the development of a positive end and a negative end within a bond due to the sharing of electrons.
What is a dipole moment?In any system where there is a charge separation, a dipole moment develops. Therefore, they can occur in both covalent and ionic bonds. The difference in electronegativity between two atoms that are chemically linked causes dipole moments. The bond dipole moment, which is distinct from the molecule's overall dipole moment, is the dipole moment of a single bond in a polyatomic molecule. It is a vector quantity, meaning it has a specific magnitude and direction.A polyatomic molecule's dipole moment is the vector sum of all of the bond dipoles that are present in the molecule.What are electrons?All atoms include this stable subatomic particle, which serves as the main electrical conductor in solids. It has a charge of negative electricity.
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What values of l correspond to the letters s, p, d, and f? Why do we use letters to denote the values of the angular momentum quantum number, l?
Answers
The values of the angular momentum quantum number (l) corresponding to the letters s, p, d, and f are as follows: s=0, p=1, d=2, and f=3. These letters are used to denote the values of l because they are easier to remember and provide a simpler way to represent the different shapes of electron orbitals in atoms.
The letters originated from early spectroscopic studies where the spectral lines were categorized as sharp (s), principal (p), diffuse (d), and fundamental (f) based on their appearance. These categories were later connected to the angular momentum quantum number, which defines the shape and energy of an electron's orbital. Using these letters simplifies the notation for atomic orbitals and makes it easier to understand their properties.
Overall, the use of s, p, d, and f to denote the values of l is a practical choice that has been carried forward from early spectroscopy to modern quantum chemistry.
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Name the following hydrocarbon compounds.
Answers
The naming of compound can be obtained by following the IUPAC principle. This is shown below:
For the 1st diagram:
Locate the longest continuous carbon chain. In this case it is carbon 5. Hence, the parent name is pentaneIdentify the substituent groups attached. In this case the substituent groups attached is two methyl, CH₃ Give the substituents the best possible low count. In this case, the two CH₃ is located at carbon 3Combine the above to obtain the IUPAC name for the compound.Thus, the IUPAC name for the compound is: 3,3-dimethylpentane
For the 2nd diagram:
Locate the longest continuous carbon chain. In this case it is carbon 5. Hence, the parent name is pentene since it contains a double bondIdentify the substituent groups attached. In this case there are no substituent groups attached.Thus, the IUPAC name for the compound is: pentene
For the 3rd diagram:
Locate the longest continuous carbon chain. In this case it is carbon 6. Hence, the parent name is hexaneIdentify the substituent groups attached. In this case the substituent groups attached is three methyl, CH₃ Give the substituents the best possible low count. In this case, two CH₃ are located at carbon 2 while the 3rd is located at carbon 3Combine the above to obtain the IUPAC name for the compound.Thus, the IUPAC name for the compound is: 2,2,3-trimethylhexane
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How many moles of carbon are in the sample?
Answers
Answer:
12.01 grams per mole
Explanation:
theres no sample or example so if theres grams of Carbon, convert it to moles using 12.01g/mol
1. On a train ride cross-country, the trees, buildings, and people appear to be speeding by the window. This is because the train is our _____
2. Scientists use the ______
system for making measurements.
3. Physical science studies the relationships between ____,____,
and ______.
4. If 6.6 tyrannosaurs weigh 30,000 kg, then what does one tyrannosaur weigh?
5. For most activities, the ___
makes a handy frame of reference.
Answers
On a train ride cross-country, the trees, buildings, and people appear to be speeding by the window. This is because the train is moving in the forward direction.
Scientists use the shared system for making measurements. This system is also called system of international.
Physical science studies the relationships between natural but non-living objects. Physical science is ordinarily thought of as consisting of four broad areas: astronomy, physics, chemistry, and the Earth sciences.
If 6.6 tyrannosaurs weigh 30,000 kg, then one tyrannosaur weigh about 4545 kg. For most activities, the earth makes a handy frame of reference.
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Na+ and P-3 whats the formula and whats the name of it
Answers
Answer:
Sodium phosphide is the inorganic compound with the formula Na 3 P. It is a black solid. It is often described as Na + salt of the P 3− anion. Na 3 P is a source of the highly reactive phosphide anion.
Explanation: