all cells are surrounded by a cell wall​

Answer:Gene and DNA are the two genetic terminologies mainly used to determine the characteristics of a living thing. In general, a gene is a short section of DNA and DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule which carries the genetic instructions or the hereditary materials

Explanation:The difference between DNA and gene are summarized below

Difference between Gene and DNA

Gene DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid

Genes are the DNA stretches which encode for specific proteins. DNA is a biomolecule, which contains genetic information

Regulates the traits of an organism. Regulates gene regulation.

Gene is a specific sequence present on a short stretch of DNA. DNA made up of two long chains of polynucleotides wound together

Genes are made up of either DNA or RNA. DNA is a polymer of nucleotides

A gene is located on a chromosome. DNA is located within the nucleus of the cell.

Are coded with heredity information. Encodes the genetic instructions.

Answer:Chromosomes

Explanation:After DNA replication during cell cycle interphase, the chromosomes are composed of two identical chromatids attached at the centromere. Each chromatide is formed of a molecule of DNA (the nucleofilament) associated with proteins, the histones, around which it winds to form nucleosomes. At the ends of each chromatid are telomeres, consisting of repetitive DNA sequences that provide protection for chromosomal endings. Telomeres and centromere do not encode genetic information, it is non-coding DNA.

During interphase, DNA of the chromosomes are replicated. This DNA then separate into two daughter cells. Thus, the correct option is B.

The interphase stage is the period when the cell is in a non-dividing state. This phase can be divided into different stages which are the first gap (G1), the S phase (phase of DNA synthesis), and the second gap (G2).

During interphase, the DNA of the chromosomes is replicated in the cell during S phase. After DNA replication, each chromosome becomes composed of two identical copies called sister chromatids which are held together at the centromere until they are pulled apart during meiosis II.

Therefore, the correct option is B.

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Answer:

hope this helps.  Cutting a gold bar in two pieces and then putting the pieces next to each other: It is a physical change but it is not reversible as original state is not achieved again. b) burning a match and then relighting it: This is a chemical change as new substances are formed.

Explanation:

Answer:

It's important to follow the steps outlined in the scientific method carefully

so that the results would be due to the specific variables tested and not due to something else. Not only that but this also allows  other researchers to follow the steps and carry out the same experiments.

Researchers can prevent mistakes and errors in their experiments by

carefully selecting variables,  following the steps outlined in the procedure and  carefully and accurately measuring quantitative data

Explanation:

Answer:

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in every eukaryotic cell. They are widely known as terminal catabolic stations that rid cells of waste products and scavenge metabolic building blocks that sustain essential biosynthetic reactions during starvation.

Answer:

Explanation:

With the arrival of warm summer weather, states have started to relax their COVID-19 stay-at-home orders. Excited to spend time with family and friends, people are now planning vacations, with one destination remaining a popular choice for many: the beach. However, extra time spent soaking up the sun increases our exposure to harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation and raises our risk for developing skin cancer.

July is UV Safety Month. We know that one of the best ways to practice UV safety is to wear sunscreen every day. To help you choose and correctly use the best product for your needs, review the nine facts about sunscreen listed below.

Fact #1: Broad Spectrum Sunscreens are Best

UV radiation from the sun includes two types of harmful rays:

Ultraviolet A (UVA) Rays: Most common; cause premature aging of the skin (e.g., wrinkles)

Ultraviolet B (UVB) Rays: Most dangerous; cause sunburns

Overexposure to both types of rays can cause skin cancer. Sunscreens labeled as “broad spectrum” help protect against the effects of both UVA and UVB rays.

Fact #2: Aim for a Sunscreen with at Least 30 SPF

A sunscreen’s sun protection factor (SPF) indicates how much protection the product offers against UV radiation. Sunscreens with an SPF of at least 30 block 97 percent of the sun’s rays.

Fact #3: No Sunscreen is Waterproof or Sweat Proof

Manufacturers can no longer advertise sunscreens as waterproof or sweat proof. Instead, products are now labeled:

Water Resistant: Effective for up to 40 minutes in water

Very Water Resistant: Effective for up to 80 minutes in water

The AAD recommends reapplying sunscreen every two hours, after getting out of the water, or after sweating.

Fact #4: Children Under Six (6) Months Typically Should Not Wear Sunscreen

Infant skin is more sensitive than adult skin. To protect infants younger than six months, the AAD recommends keeping them in the shade as much as possible; dressing them in protective clothing, such as long-sleeved shirts, pants, and a wide-brimmed hat; and making sure they stay hydrated. If you are still concerned about sun exposure, ask your pediatrician if he/she recommends sunscreen.

Fact #5: Sunscreen is Only One Tool in Your UV Safety Toolbox

There are many ways to reduce your exposure to UV radiation. Experts recommend combining sunscreen use with wearing protective clothing, staying in the shade when possible, and avoiding outdoor activities when the sun is most intense.

Fact #6: Use “Teaspoon and Shot Glass Rule” to Determine How Much Sunscreen to Apply

Many people do not apply enough screen. The “Teaspoon and Shot Glass Rule” recommends using one teaspoon of sunscreen to cover the face and neck, and enough sunscreen to fill a shot glass — approximately one ounce — to cover all other exposed areas on the body.

Fact #7: Sunscreen Expires

According to the AAD, the FDA requires all sunscreens to retain their original strength for at least three years. Many sunscreens include an expiration date printed on the label. Visible changes in color or consistency can also indicate that it is time to dispose of the product.

Fact #8: Spray-On Sunscreens Are Convenient, But Not Always Effective

The AAD explains that current FDA regulations on testing and standardization do not apply to spray-on sunscreens. Individuals who want to use spray-on sunscreen should make sure to use an adequate amount, rubbing it in to thoroughly cover all areas of exposed skin.

Fact #9: Sunscreen is Safe to Use

Some recent news stories have called into question the safety of the ingredients used in sunscreens, but sunscreen remains completely safe to use and is recommended by all health care professionals. Read more about this in our blog post titled “Is Sunscreen Safe?”

Learn More: How NFCR is Advancing Skin Cancer Treatment

Research conducted by the National Foundation for Cancer Research’s (NFCR) scientists Danny R. Welch, PhD; Paul Fisher, MPh, PhD; Web Cavenee, PhD; and Helmut Sies, M.D., continues to play a critical role in our understanding of this complex disease, including potential advances in treatments for melanoma — the most dangerous type of skin cancer.

To learn more about skin cancer research supported by NFCR, please visit our Skin Cancer webpage.

Answer: ATP

Explanation:

The items from the childhood are: doll, wooden blocks, tricycle, pretend telephone and jump rope. The schema of each toy has evolved over the years.

The list is as follows:

I was in Erik Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage when I was most interested in these toys. This stage is about learning to take initiative and be independent. The toys I listed helped me do this by giving me opportunities to explore, solve problems, and interact with others.

My schema of each toy has evolved over the years. When I was a child, I saw my toys as objects that I could use to play games. Now, I see them as tools that can help me learn and grow. I still enjoy playing with toys, but I also appreciate their educational value.

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Griffith reasoned that transforming factor must have been a gene since the bacteria's progeny carried the power to cause disease. Later, it was discovered that DNA was the "gene" in charge of the metamorphosis.

Information is stored in DNA. It contains data necessary to produce proteins, which are other big molecules. The 46 lengthy structures known as chromosomes that make up each of the cells house these instructions. Many thousands of smaller DNA pieces, known as genes, make up these chromosomes.

Deoxyribonucleic acid is the term used to describe DNA because of its structure. With bases like adenine, cytosine, guanine, & thymine making up the phosphate backbone of the nucleic acid, pentose sugar is present in the deoxyribose part. Deoxyribose does not have a -OH group in position 2 of the sugar ring.

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In 1900, virtually all american high school science textbooks c)embraced darwin's theory of evolution.So,correct option is c.

The theory of evolution is an abbreviated type of the expression "hypothesis of advancement by natural selection," which was proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in the nineteenth 100 years.

In the  theory of evolution, organic entities produce more posterity than can make due in their current circumstance. Those that are better actually prepared to make due, develop to development, and replicate. Those that are deficient in such wellness, then again, either don't arrive at an age when they can recreate or create less posterity than their partners. Natural selection is now and again summarized as "natural selection" on the grounds that the "fittest" creatures — those generally fit to their current circumstance — are the ones that duplicate most effectively, and are probably going to give their attributes to the future.

Hence,correct option is c.

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The supporting infrastructure for the brain to carry out its directives and relay essential information is neuron.

The supporting infrastructure for the brain to carry out its directives and relay essential information is neurons which is spread throughout the body like a network. The main function of neuron is to built the connection from the brain to the whole body of an organism.

The spinal cord is also very important part which connects the upper part of the body brain with the lower part of the body. The spinal cord is very important part of central nervous system which gives and receives the commands from the sensory neurons.

So we can conclude that the supporting infrastructure for the brain to carry out its directives and relay essential information is neuron.

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Answer:

The centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell. The chromosomes reach the poles and stop moving.

Explanation:

Answer:

option c. produce their own light.

For the children of 6 and 7: Individual 8: Affected female, so genotype is HH or Hh. We don't know which one, but we can assume HH for simplicity.

Individual 9: Affected male, so genotype is HH or Hh. We don't know which one, but we can assume HH for simplicity.

Individual 10: Affected female, so genotype is HH or Hh. We don't know which one, but we can assume HH for simplicity.

Individual 11: Healthy female, so genotype is hh.

Huntington's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the brain and causes a range of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms. The following are some of the most common symptoms of Huntington's disease:

Emotional changes: People with Huntington's disease may experience, , irritability, and mood swings.

Decline in motor skills: As the disease progresses, people may have difficulty with balance, coordination, and walking.

Speech problems: Huntington's disease can affect a person's ability to speak clearly and may cause slurred or hesitant speech.

The possible genotypes for each individual are:

Individual 1: HH

Individual 2: hh

Individual 3: hh

Individual 4: HH

Individual 5: hh

Individual 6: HH or Hh

Individual 7: HH or Hh

Individual 8: HH or Hh

Individual 9: HH or Hh

Individual 10: HH or Hh

Individual 11: hh

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Answer:

He sprained his ankle. The structures that he could have damaged are his ankle's ligaments.

Explanation:

Calvin twisted his ankle, which caused an ankle sprain. In an ankle sprain, the ligaments, which keep together the bones and contribute to the movement of or feet, are damaged. Depending on the severity of the sprain, the ligaments could be over-stretched or torn, causing pain when moving the feet.

Answer: Plant cells develop a cell plate while animal cells develop a cleavage furrow

Explanation:

Bacterial fermentation of sugars usually results in acidic end products whereas breakdown of proteins and amino acids results in the formation of acidic and basic end products.

What is bacterial fermentation?

Bacterial fermentation is the procedure by which cells convert sugars under anaerobic conditions into usable energy and generates waste products. In the absence of oxygen, it is a catabolic process that enables cells to grow by converting nutrients into energy. The following are some of the products generated during bacterial fermentation:

Bacteria ferment carbohydrates to produce acidic end-products.Bacteria produce acids from pyruvate as a result of fermenting sugars. Lactic acid, acetic acid, and formic acid are some of the acidic end products formed during the process.

Other fermentation products, such as ethanol and hydrogen gas, can also be generated. Fermentation occurs under anaerobic conditions. Therefore, it is an essential process in organic waste management.Breakdown of proteins and amino acidsAmino acids and proteins are organic compounds that bacteria break down to produce energy. When the bacteria break down these compounds, they generate numerous end-products. These end products include alkaline, acidic, and neutral compounds. These products are ammonia, biogenic amines, and sulfides, respectively.The bacterial breakdown of proteins produces several byproducts, including several amines and organic acids. Other byproducts include ammonia, nitrogen gas, and various sulfur compounds.

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For energy to be released from ATP,  a phosphate group is broken from the molecule to form ADP.  Therefore option (D) is the correct answer.

Adenosine triphosphate, also known as ATP ,the primary energy currency of cells.

ATP is an RNA nucleotide with a chain of three phosphates, according to its structural makeup. Adenine, a nitrogenous base, a chain of three phosphates, and ribose, a five-carbon sugar, are all joined together in the heart of the molecule.

The three phosphate groups are identified as alpha, beta, and gamma, according on how close to the ribose sugar they are. Phosphonhydride bonds, often known as "high-energy" bonds, are the bonds that connect the phosphate groups.

In  hydrolysis (water-mediated breakdown) reaction, one of these bonds is broken, releasing a sizable quantity of energy.

Therefore option (D) is the best choice.

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Seeds must have a way to inactivate ABA when the conditions are appropriate for germination because ABA is an inhibitor hormone that slows or prevents germination.

A seed has a hormonal mechanism that detects environmental conditions such as light, temperature, and water availability. ABA is a hormone that inhibits germination when environmental conditions are unfavorable. The ABA concentration in the seed is reduced when the environmental conditions are suitable for germination, such as when it is moist and warm. This inactivation enables the germination process to proceed.

The plant produces GA, which stimulates seed germination, once ABA is inactivated. The phytohormone ABA is produced in mature seeds and maintains dormancy by inhibiting growth processes such as seed germination.

When the seeds are exposed to proper environmental conditions, such as light and moisture, the seed coat becomes permeable to water and oxygen, and the embryo develops, triggering seed germination. The reduction of ABA in seeds helps to promote the germination process.

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Answer:

Mass doesn't change no matter where you are or where you go.

Explanation:

Mass is what you or an object consist of. You cant change mass

The deletion will occur when a portion of the chromosome is taken out. Thus making it a less functional chromosome.

The term "deletion" just simply means that part/portion of the chromosome is missing or "deleted" from the chromosome. A very small piece of a chromosome can contain many different genes. When a gene is lost, some 'instructions' are missing, and the baby may not develop well. 2-deletion syndrome is a disease caused by the deletion of a small segment of chromosome 16. The deletion occurs near the middle of the chromosome at a site called p11. 2. 16p11 person. Deleted DNA will affect the function of the affected protein.

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Answer:

Explanation: If your nerves in your skin don't gather information then you couldn't feel anything or comprehend what you're touching. So its basically like having CIPA which does not allow you to feel pain as pain receptors are also nerves.

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Genetic tests of humans around the world show that the greatest genetic variation among humans is present in Africa. This is because Humans originated in Africa and then spread around the world in a series of migratory population bottlenecks over the years. The correct answer is: The correct answer is A.

The statement accurately reflects the scientific understanding of human evolution and population history. Africa is widely considered the birthplace of modern humans, with the earliest known fossil evidence of Homo sapiens found in Africa. From there, human populations gradually dispersed and migrated to other regions of the world.

As human populations migrated out of Africa, they encountered various challenges, including geographic barriers, environmental changes, and founder effects, leading to population bottlenecks. A population bottleneck occurs when a small group of individuals becomes isolated from the larger population, resulting in a reduced gene pool and increased genetic drift. These bottlenecks reduced genetic diversity in populations outside of Africa.

In contrast, Africa remained a continuous habitat with a larger and more diverse population, leading to a higher level of genetic variation. The longer history of human presence in Africa, combined with ongoing genetic exchanges and interactions among diverse African populations, has contributed to the observed greater genetic variation in African populations compared to populations in other parts of the world.

Therefore, the greatest genetic variation among humans being present in Africa is primarily attributed to the fact that humans originated in Africa and then underwent a series of migratory population bottlenecks as they spread across the globe.

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The correct question is:

Genetic tests of humans around the world show that the greatest genetic variation among humans is present in Africa. Why is that? Group of answer choices

A) humans originated in Africa and then spread around the world in a series of migratory population bottlenecks over the years,

B) Africa has attracted the most immigration from diverse groups from other continents

C) there has been the most disruptive selection in Africa due to infectious diseases

D) there was mating with Neanderthals and denisovans outside of Africa but not in Africa there is sampling bias in Africa

A descending spinal tract called the lateral corticospinal tract transmits voluntary motor impulses from the brain to the body's extremities damaged.

A spinal cord damage would prevent voluntary movement above and below the injured level. To accommodate the more nerve cells and connections required to process information relevant to the upper and lower limbs, two areas of the spinal cord are expanded (see Figure 1.10B). The ventral horn is spherical, whereas the dorsal horn is thin and reaches to the spinal cord's border. Reduced postural control and impaired selectivity of postural control can be caused by lesions to the cortico-reticulospinal system.

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Answer: Around 30-50 degrees of latitude. This is roughly right above and below the equator.

Various Reasons why muscles cramps are: