Advantages we gain by using the OSI layered model

Answers

Answer 1

Advantages we gain by using the OSI layered model: The OSI layered model provides standardization, modularity, flexibility, interoperability, and scalability, which are all essential for the development and maintenance of modern computer networks.

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) layered model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or computing system into seven distinct layers.

There are several advantages gained by using the OSI layered model:
1. Modular Architecture: The layered model allows each layer to perform a specific function, making it easier to develop, troubleshoot, and manage individual components within the system.
2. Interoperability: The standardization provided by the OSI model facilitates communication between different systems, devices, and protocols by ensuring they follow a common set of rules.
3. Scalability: The modular structure of the OSI model allows for the addition or modification of layers without affecting the overall system. This enables easy adaptability to new technologies and future advancements.
4. Ease of Learning: The layered approach simplifies the understanding of complex networking concepts by breaking them down into manageable, functional units.
5. Improved Performance: With the OSI model, each layer can be optimized independently, leading to better overall system performance and resource management.

6. Enhanced Security: The division of responsibilities among layers allows for better implementation of security measures and more effective protection against threats.
7. Facilitated Troubleshooting: By separating the functions into distinct layers, the OSI model simplifies the process of diagnosing and resolving networking issues.

This helps pinpoint the exact layer where a problem may be occurring.

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Related Questions

Say true or false
Computer is the main tool of ICT.
b. Cyber crimes play positive role for better use of ICT

Answers

It would be false so (b)
The answers are
a) true
b) false

How to improve logistic regression and feature choices?

Answers

To improve logistic regression and feature choices, identify the problems, use regularization techniques, try different optimization algorithms, etc.

First, it's important to thoroughly understand your data and problem domain, as well as the strengths and limitations of logistic regression. This will help you choose appropriate features that are relevant to your problem and will give you the best predictive power.

Second, you can use techniques such as regularization or feature selection to help improve the performance of your logistic regression model. Regularization techniques like L1 or L2 can help to reduce overfitting and improve generalization, while feature selection methods like backward elimination or forward selection can help to identify the most important features for your model.

Third, you can experiment with different parameter settings and model architectures to see if they improve performance. This might include trying different optimization algorithms, changing the learning rate or batch size, or using different activation functions or layer architectures.

Finally, it's important to evaluate your model's performance using appropriate metrics and cross-validation techniques to ensure that it is robust and generalizes well to new data. By taking these steps, you can improve the performance of your logistic regression model and make better feature choices that lead to more accurate predictions.

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Decimal To Binary Conversion
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 = 255
_1____1____1____0___1__ 1__1___0_________ 238
_0____0____1____0___0___0__1___0_________ 34
1._________________________________________ 96
2._________________________________________ 63
3._________________________________________ 210
4._________________________________________ 193
5._________________________________________ 207
Binary To Decimal Conversion
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 = 255
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 = 146
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 = 119
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 6. _______
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 = 7. _______
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 = 8. _______
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 = 9. _______
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 = 10._______
Address Class Identification
Address Class
10.250.1.1 ___A__
150.10.15.0 ___B__
11. 172.14.2.0 _____
12. 198.17.9.1 _____
13. 123.42.1.1 _____
14. 127.8.156.0 _____
15. 191.200.23.1 _____
Network Addresses
Using the IP address and subnet mask shown write out the network address:
188.10.18.2 ______188.10.0.0_____________________
255.255.0.0
10.10.48.80 ______10.10.48.0_____________________
255.255.255.0
16. 192.149.24.191 _____________________________
255.255.255.0
17. 150.203.23.19 _____________________________
255.255.0.0
18. 10.10.10.10 _____________________________
255.0.0.0
19. 199.13.23.110 _____________________________
255.255.255.0
20. 203.69.230.250 _____________________________
255.255.0.0

Answers

Divide a decimal number by 10. Subtract 2 from this number (2 is base of binary so divisor here). Keep the rest in an array (it will be either 0 or 1 because of divisor 2). TillIf the sum is more than zero, repeat the first two steps.

How are 0.75 converted to binary?

Similar to this, when writing a number between 0 and 1 in binary, powers of 12 are used rather than powers of 2. As an illustration, 0.75=12+14=1121+1122 The binary equivalent of the decimal value 0.75 is 0.11 (binary).

How is 1 represented in binary?

Binary 1 is 1. In a binary number system, we only need the digits 2 to express a number, in contrast to the decimal number system where we utilise the digits 0 to 9.

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News programs and documentaries are examples of?​

Answers

Answer:

A documentary film or documentary is a non-fictional motion-picture intended to "document reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education, or maintaining a historical record

What is a collection of web pages that use the internet?

Answers

A website is a collection of internet-connected web pages. A website is a collection of web pages that can be accessed via the internet using a web browser and are stored on a web server.

What are internet web pages?

On the World Wide Web, a web page (also known as a website) is a hypertext document. A web browser is used by the user to view the web pages that are sent to them by a web server. A website is made up of numerous web pages connected by a common domain name.

What are the names of the web pages?

The right response is web pages. Important ideas. A web page, often known as a webpage, is a particular collection of content offered by a website and shown to a user.

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Jenny is preparing a presentation on the health statistics of the 10 most populated countries. She wants to apply a blinking effect to the names
of the countries, and a motion effect between the exit and entry of every slide. Which options should she use?
Jenny should use the
option to apply a special blinking effect to the names of the countries and the
v option to
apply a motion effect between the exit and entry of every slide.

Jenny is preparing a presentation on the health statistics of the 10 most populated countries. She wants

Answers

Answer:

The answer can be defined as follows:

Explanation:

Whenever you need to blink a piece of text in a Powerpoint presentation, then you would need to click the Motion option and key. Upon choosing such a choice, a collection of design, transitions keep popping up. Press more then click mostly on cel animation for Color burst. Your text should wink one other type.  

We need to pick the Transition tab for both the movement effect between both the exit and the entry within each slide. They could choose one of the transition slide accessible.

Answer:

1. ANIMATION

2.TRANSITION

Explanation:

just took the test :)

an array index cannot be of the double, float or string data types. (true or false)

Answers

True, a data type other than a double, float, or string cannot be used as an array index. The majority of computer languages require that array indexes, which are used to refer to particular members inside the array, be integers.

A numerical value called an array index is used to identify a particular element within an array. A type of data structure called an array enables the storage of several values in a single variable, each of which is given a distinct index. The position of each element in the array is indicated by the index, which is normally an integer starting at 0. A programme can access and modify the value stored at a certain point by supplying an array index. Programming with arrays requires an understanding of how array indexes function since they enable effective and ordered data storage and retrieval.

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A team of programmers is designing software. One portion of the project presents a problem for which there is not an obvious solution. After some research, the team determines that the problem is undecidable. Which of the following best explains the consequence of the problem being undecidable?
A. The problem can be solved algorithmically, but it will require an unreasonably long amount of time.
B. The problem can be solved algorithmically, but it will require an unreasonably large amount of data storage.
C. There is no possible algorithm that can be used to solve all instances of the problem.
D. There are several different possible algorithms that can solve the problem, but there is controversy about which is the most efficient.

Answers

The option that best explains the consequence of the problem being undecidable  is that there is no possible algorithm that can be used to solve all instances of the problem.

What Is an Algorithm?

An algorithm is known to be some set of instructions that are used for problem solving or carrying out a task.

Note that the team of programmers can explains the reasons of the problem being undecidable when there is no possible algorithm that can be used to solve all issues of the problem.

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A feature that allows you to quickly apply the contents of one cell to another cell or range of cells selected.

O auto fill

O auto sum

O fill down

O fill right

Answers

Answer:

Auto fill

Explanation:

I took the test!

A user is unable to connect to the network. You investigate the problem and determine that the network adapter is defective. You replace the network adapter and verify that it works. What should you do next

Answers

After replacing the defective network adapter and verifying that it is working properly, the next step would be to ensure that the user is able to connect to the network.

How to ensure that the user is able to connect to the network.

This can be done by checking the network settings on the user's device to ensure that they are correctly configured to connect to the network.

If the settings are correct, then the user should be able to connect to the network without any further issues.

However, if the user is still unable to connect, then further troubleshooting may be required to identify and resolve any other potential issues that may be preventing the user from connecting to the network.

It is important to ensure that the user is able to connect to the network as quickly as possible to minimize any disruption to their work.

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A user acquired a new workstation and is attempting to open multiple large Excel files simultaneously. The user is not experiencing the expected performance when executing such large requests. Which of the following should a technician do FIRST? A. Increase the swap partition.B. Upgrade the CPU in the workstation. C. Upgrade the power supply in the workstation. D. Upgrade the RAM in the workstation.

Answers

A user acquired a new workstation and is attempting to open multiple large Excel files simultaneously but the user is not experiencing the expected performance when executing such large requests. The first action that the technician should take in such a case is to upgrade the RAM in the workstation.

RAM is the abbreviation for Random Access Memory, a type of computer memory that is vital for processing data quickly. A computer can store data temporarily in RAM. The type of RAM utilized in a PC or workstation is known as DRAM. When a user loads an application into RAM, it remains there until they exit the application. The computer transfers data into the RAM when the application is running. As a result, the RAM is utilized to access data, and it is significantly faster than reading data from a hard drive. It would significantly enhance the computer's performance when upgrading the RAM to a higher capacity.So, in conclusion, the technician should upgrade the RAM in the workstation first, to improve its performance.

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True or false you can add audio from flies on your own pc or record your own audio

Answers

Answer:

True

Explanation:

All you need to do is have the audio file saved, then open it whenever you need to. I hope this helps!

Answer:

True

Explanation:

Cus its and easy asnwer

How did tribes profit most from cattle drives that passed through their land?
A.
by successfully collecting taxes from every drover who used their lands
B.
by buying cattle from ranchers to keep for themselves
C.
by selling cattle that would be taken to Texas ranches
D.
by leasing grazing land to ranchers and drovers from Texas

Answers

The way that the tribes profit most from cattle drives that passed through their land is option D. By leasing grazing land to ranchers and drovers from Texas.

How did Native Americans gain from the long cattle drives?

When Oklahoma became a state in 1907, the reservation system there was essentially abolished. In Indian Territory, cattle were and are the dominant economic driver.

Tolls on moving livestock, exporting their own animals, and leasing their territory for grazing were all sources of income for the tribes.

There were several cattle drives between 1867 and 1893. Cattle drives were conducted to supply the demand for beef in the east and to provide the cattlemen with a means of livelihood after the Civil War when the great cities in the northeast lacked livestock.

Lastly, Abolishing Cattle Drives: Soon after the Civil War, it began, and after the railroads reached Texas, it came to an end.

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white-hat hackers have philosophical and political reasons for breaking into systems and will often deface the website as a protest.

Answers

The statement "white-hat hackers have philosophical and political reasons for breaking into systems and will often deface the website as a protest" is false.

White-hat hackers are professional computer security specialists who use their skills to locate security flaws in a company's systems. The flaws they discover are then brought to the attention of the company so that the company can patch or fix the issues before a malicious attacker takes advantage of the vulnerabilities.

White-hat hacking is ethical hacking because it is done with the company's permission, and it helps organizations identify security flaws in their systems and patch them up before a malicious attacker can take advantage of the vulnerabilities.

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Design a 4-to-16-line decoder with enable using five 2-to-4-line decoder.

Answers

a 4-to-16-line decoder with enable can be constructed by combining five 2-to-4-line decoders. This cascading arrangement allows for the decoding of binary inputs into a corresponding output signal, controlled by the enable line. The circuit diagram illustrates the configuration of this decoder setup.

A 4-to-16-line decoder with enable can be created using five 2-to-4-line decoders. A 2-to-4-line decoder is a combinational circuit that transforms a binary input into a signal on one of four output lines.

The output lines are active when the input line corresponds to the binary code that is equivalent to the output line number. The enable line of the 4-to-16-line decoder is used to control the output signal. When the enable line is high, the output signal is produced, and when it is low, the output signal is not produced.

A 4-to-16-line decoder can be created by taking five 2-to-4-line decoders and cascading them as shown below:

Begin by using four of the 2-to-4-line decoders to create an 8-to-16-line decoder. This is done by cascading the outputs of two 2-to-4-line decoders to create one of the four outputs of the 8-to-16-line decoder.Use the fifth 2-to-4-line decoder to decode the two most significant bits (MSBs) of the binary input to determine which of the four outputs of the 8-to-16-line decoder is active.Finally, use an AND gate to combine the output of the fifth 2-to-4-line decoder with the enable line to control the output signal.

The circuit diagram of the 4-to-16-line decoder with enable using five 2-to-4-line decoders is shown below: Figure: 4-to-16-line decoder with enable using five 2-to-4-line decoders

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A router periodically goes offline. Once it goes offline, you find that a simple reboot puts the router back online. After doing some research, you find that the most likely cause of the problem is a bug in the router software. A new patch is available from the manufacturer that is supposed to eliminate the problem. What should you do next

Answers

Answer:

Obviously update the router

Explanation:

Keeping your router up to date is also a really important thing to do to protect your network from vulnerabilities. Outdated systems are easy targets for new methods of hacking.

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which technique can you use on your pages to improve ratings in search engines

a. on-page
b. search review
c. off-page
d. off-site

Answers

Answer:

mine is search review

Explanation:

so u can know if its bad or good rewiev s are very helpfull

how to arrange the following in descending order pb, kb, b, byte, tb, gb​

Answers

Answer:

pb, tb, gb, kb, byte, b

Explanation:

trust me bro

Which of the following organizations offers a family of business management system standards that details the steps recommended to produce high-quality products and services using a quality-management system that maximizes time, money and resources?
a
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

b
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

c
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

d
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Answers

Answer:

D

Explanation:

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) offers a family of management system standards called ISO 9000. ISO 9000 details the steps recommended to produce high-quality products and services using a quality-management system that maximizes time, money and resources.

What are the biggest password mistakes that people and companies make? How can you avoid those mistakes?

Answers

- Make sure your password contains at least 8 characters
- Mixture of low and upper case
- Numbers and Symbols
- Punctuation
- Don’t write it down
- Change it often

The characteristics and purpose of expansion cards ​

Answers

Answer:

Expansion cards make processor systems adaptable to the needs of the user by making it possible to connect various types of devices, including I/O, additional memory, and optional features (such as a floating point unit) to the central processor.

Explanation:

define types of hacker ? with three to four line of each types?​

Answers

1.) benevolent hackers are hackers that use their skills to assist people in getting back stolen information, and usually put bad people in their place
2.) malevolent hackers use their skills to cause harm to others by either stealing information or leaking it, hacking into social media accounts or by infiltrating computers and implanting malware of some kind, but this isn’t normally done by hacking, you can do it just by sending an email with a sneaky link or virus in it.
Those are the two main types but there are also hackers who work for the government as cyber security protection or even to hack into targets of the government.

A teacher wrote the following part of a balanced chemicalequation:c3h3+ 502to show that chemical reactions conserve matter, how many atoms ofoxygen (o) will there be on the right-hand side of the equation? o a. 2 o b. 5 o c. 3 o d. 10

Answers

There will be 10 atoms of oxygen (O) on the right-hand side of the equation.

How can we determine the number of oxygen atoms on the right-hand side of the equation?

To determine the number of oxygen atoms on the right-hand side of the equation, we need to analyze the coefficients and subscripts in the chemical equation. The equation provided, "C3H3 + 502," represents the reaction between C3H3 and O2 to form products.

The coefficient 5 in front of O2 indicates that there are 5 molecules of O2 participating in the reaction. Since each O2 molecule contains 2 oxygen atoms, the total number of oxygen atoms on the right-hand side is calculated as 5 × 2 = 10.

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Write a c program that uses iteration to find the sum of all multiples of 3
and all multiples of 4 between 3 and 150 inclusive. Print the sum.

Answers

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

{

int sum_3=0, sum_4=0; //Variable to store the sum of multiples of 3 and 4

for(int i=3; i<=150; i++) //Iterating from 3 to 150

{

if(i%3==0) //Checking if i is a multiple of 3

sum_3 += i; //Adding i to the sum of multiples of 3

if(i%4==0) //Checking if i is a multiple of 4

sum_4 += i; //Adding i to the sum of multiples of 4

}

printf("Sum of multiples of 3: %d\n", sum_3); //Printing the sum of multiples of 3

printf("Sum of multiples of 4: %d\n", sum_4); //Printing the sum of multiples of 4

return 0;

}

Binary is best interpreted by a computer because
it is a simple system using patterns of three numbers.
the numbers in the system represent the on and off positions of the switches in a computer’s hardware.
it is broken down into bits.
it can be easily converted to the decimal system.

Answers

Answer:

Binary is best interpreted by a computer because the numbers in the system represent the on and off positions of the switches in a computer’s hardware.

Explanation:

The rest can be ruled out because:

a) binary is not a system using patterns of three numbers, but rather two numbers

c) it's true, but it is not the direct and clear answer as to why binary is best interpreted by a computer

d) that gives extra steps for the computer and thus contradicts the fact

Answer: B. the numbers in the system represent the on and off positions of the switches in a computer’s hardware.

computer is a major source of informarion why​

Answers

Answer:

The answer to this question is given below is the explanation section.

Explanation:

Computer can  process and store data.It can easily store large amount of data and process the data very fast but it is not the source of information it serve as a store of information because it store information and whenever we need any information we can retrieve that information from computer memory.in this way computer is s source of information.

If the offer is no longer valid, perhaps because of a timeout or another client taking the lease, the selected server responds with a ___________________ message.

Answers

If the offer is no longer valid, perhaps because of a timeout or another client taking the lease, the selected server responds with a "NACK" (Negative Acknowledgment) message.

A NACK message is a type of response message that indicates a failure or rejection of a previous request or message. In this context, the DHCP server sends a NACK message to inform the client that the offered IP address is no longer available and the client needs to request a new address.

The NACK message typically includes a reason code or message indicating why the offer was rejected. The client can then send a new DHCP request message to request a new IP address and other configuration information.

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What does every shot have with regards to depth?

Answers


This can be used to capture a larger area of acceptably sharp images. This can also be referred to as a deep depth of field, and some cinematographers will simply use the term “depth” to describe shots with a large DOF. It can also be referred to as deep focus.

You want to upgrade a server by installing an external SCSI tape drive. The system currently has a SCSI card and an internal SCSI hard drive. At bootup, the system fails to recognize the new tape drive. What can be done to solve this problem

Answers

Answer:

You should disable termination on the Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) controller card.

Explanation:

SCSI is an acronym for Small Computer System Interface, which is also generally referred to as host bus adapter (HBA). The SCSI is typically a chip that controls the communication between the operating system (OS), storage devices such as hard disk drives and the host computer system. Also, it helps with the interpretation of the electrical signals between the Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) bus and the input-output bus for storage devices.

In this scenario, you want to upgrade a server by installing an external SCSI tape drive. The system currently has a Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) card and an internal SCSI hard drive. At bootup, the system fails to recognize the new tape drive. To solve this problem, you should disable termination on the SCSI controller card so that only the external SCSI tape drive will be active and the SCSI won't be detected.

Give the usage and syntax of AVERAGE function.

Answers

The average function is used to calculate the statistical mean of selected data, and uses the syntax =AVERAGE (in excel I assume)
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