Alteplase is medication would the nurse expect to be prescribed for the patient, a patient is admitted to the emergency department experiencing symptoms of a thrombolytic stroke.
When symptoms of a thrombolytic stroke first appear, a tissue plasminogen activator called alteplase can be used to treat them. Descriptions. Blood clots that have developed in the blood vessels can be removed with the use of an injection of alteplase. To increase patient survival, it is applied as soon as heart attack symptoms appear. It is also used to treat blood clots in the lungs and stroke symptoms (pulmonary embolism) tPA is administered to patients via an IV in the arm and works by dissolving blood clots that obstruct blood flow to the brain. It is also known by the generic name alteplase and is sold under the brand name Activase® (Genentech).
Learn more about alteplase here:
https://brainly.com/question/9138736
#SPJ4
after an injury, acute management should be done for how many hours?
After an injury, acute management should be initiated within the first few hours, ideally within the first 6 hours.
The initial period following an injury, often referred to as the "golden hours" or the "golden period," is crucial for providing timely and appropriate medical interventions to optimize outcomes and prevent further complications.
During the acute management phase, the primary goals are to stabilize the patient, control bleeding if present, assess and manage pain, and prevent further injury or deterioration. Prompt and appropriate first aid measures should be administered, such as controlling bleeding with direct pressure, immobilizing fractures, or protecting the injured area from further trauma.
In addition, it is essential to assess for potential life-threatening conditions, such as airway compromise, breathing difficulties, or severe bleeding, and initiate appropriate interventions accordingly. The acute management phase also includes evaluating the patient's vital signs, conducting a thorough physical examination, and ordering any necessary diagnostic tests or imaging studies to determine the extent of the injury and guide further treatment decisions.
Timely initiation of acute management plays a crucial role in improving patient outcomes and reducing the risk of complications. However, it is important to note that the specific duration of acute management can vary depending on the nature and severity of the injury, and ongoing care and interventions may be required beyond the initial few hours to ensure optimal recovery.
Know more about Injuries here:
https://brainly.com/question/29648597
#SPJ11
Brunner cells releases
Answer:
Yes
Explanation:
Because it releases
Which method do independents typically use to get their name on the ballot?
Independents typically use petitioning as the method to get their name on the ballot.
Petitioning involves collecting a certain number of signatures from registered voters in the district or state where the independent is running for office. The required number of signatures varies depending on the jurisdiction and the office being sought.
Overall, petitioning is the most common method used by independents to get on the ballot, as it allows them to bypass the nomination process of political parties and gain direct access to the election.
To know more about petitioning, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/21635091
#SPJ11
the client obtained an order for 1 liter of fluid to be drunk over 8 hour period. how many cups should the client drink each hour?
Answer:
I'm sorry I don't answer
Using approximately 250-300 words and APA 7th Edition citations and references as appropriate, give examples of three major zoonotic diseases and compare their modes of transmission. Using your own ideas, explain how transmission of these zoonotic diseases might be prevented.
Zoonotic diseases are infections that can be transmitted between animals and humans. This response provides examples of three major zoonotic diseases, namely Rabies, Lyme disease, and Avian Influenza, and compares their modes of transmission. It then discusses potential strategies for preventing the transmission of these diseases.
Rabies is primarily transmitted through the bite of an infected animal, commonly dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. The virus is present in the saliva of infected animals and can enter the human body through broken skin or mucous membranes.
Lyme disease is transmitted by the bite of infected black-legged ticks, commonly known as deer ticks. Ticks acquire the bacteria (Borrelia burgdorferi) by feeding on infected animals, such as mice or deer. Humans can get infected when bitten by an infected tick.
Avian Influenza, also known as bird flu, is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected birds or their droppings. In rare cases, the virus can be transmitted from birds to humans, causing severe respiratory illness. Human-to-human transmission is limited but can occur under certain circumstances.
Preventing the transmission of zoonotic diseases involves a multi-faceted approach:
Education and awareness: Promoting public education about the risks and preventive measures associated with zoonotic diseases, such as avoiding contact with wild or stray animals, practicing safe handling of pets, and proper tick avoidance techniques.
Vector control: Implementing measures to control disease-carrying vectors, such as ticks and mosquitoes, through the use of insecticides, habitat modification, and personal protective measures like wearing protective clothing and using insect repellents.
Vaccination: Vaccinating animals against zoonotic diseases, particularly pets and livestock, can help prevent their transmission to humans. Vaccination programs for animals, such as dogs and cats, can significantly reduce the risk of diseases like rabies.
Hygiene practices: Promoting good hygiene practices, including regular handwashing, proper food handling, and safe disposal of animal waste, can minimize the risk of infection.
Surveillance and early detection: Establishing surveillance systems to detect zoonotic diseases in animals and humans, enabling prompt identification, isolation, and treatment of infected individuals.
Visit here to learn more about Zoonotic diseases:
brainly.com/question/32001433
#SPJ11
During the atrial systole phase of the cardiac cycle approx what percentage of blood is moved from the atrium to the ventricle ?
A. 100%
B. 25%
C. 75%
D. 50%
A 59-year-old inpatient presents for low velocity high amplitude for osteopathic treatment of the pelvis. What is the root operation? What is the ICD-10-PCS?
THIS IS NOT MY WORK
Answer:
• Root operation: The root operation for this case is "manipulation," which involves moving a body part to a new position or location without cutting or joining any body parts. In this case, the osteopathic treatment of the pelvis involves the manual manipulation of the bones and joints to improve their function.
• ICD-10-PCS code: The appropriate ICD-10-PCS code for this case would be 0SRD0ZZ, which represents the root operation of manipulation on the pelvis. The 0S qualifier indicates that the procedure is performed on the musculoskeletal system, while the RD character indicates the specific body part involved (pelvis). The final two characters (ZZ) are reserved for the device value, which is not applicable in this case.
• Reasoning for code selection: The root operation of "manipulation" accurately describes the procedure being performed, and the 0SRD0ZZ code accurately reflects the specific body part and procedure involved in this case. The ICD-10-PCS system is designed to provide a standardized method for describing medical procedures, and the use of these codes helps ensure accurate and consistent reporting of healthcare services across different providers and facilities.
doctors have found it much easier to cure a bacterial infection versus a viral infection because:
Doctors have found it much easier to cure a bacterial infection compared to a viral infection because of several reasons such as targeted Antibiotics and lack of Replication Machinery.
Doctors have found it much easier to cure a bacterial infection compared to a viral infection because of several reasons:
Targeted Antibiotics: Bacterial infections can often be treated effectively with antibiotics, which are drugs designed to specifically target and kill bacteria. Antibiotics work by interfering with bacterial processes or structures that are essential for their survival, such as cell wall synthesis or protein production. By targeting these specific bacterial components, antibiotics can effectively eliminate the bacteria causing the infection.Lack of Replication Machinery: Bacteria are single-celled organisms that have their own machinery for replication and metabolism. This makes them more susceptible to specific interventions, such as the inhibition of key enzymes or cellular processes, which can disrupt their growth and survival. In contrast, viruses are much smaller and require a host cell to replicate. They hijack the host's cellular machinery to produce more viral particles, making it more challenging to develop targeted treatments without harming the host cells.Broad Spectrum Antibiotics: In some cases, broad-spectrum antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections. These antibiotics are effective against a wide range of bacteria and can be prescribed when the specific bacterial pathogen causing the infection is unknown. This flexibility allows doctors to initiate treatment before the exact bacteria responsible for the infection is identified through laboratory tests.Limited Antiviral Options: Unlike bacteria, viruses are more challenging to target with drugs. Antiviral medications are available for certain viral infections, such as HIV, influenza, or herpes, but they are often specific to particular viruses and may not be effective against other viral strains. Additionally, many viral infections are self-limiting, and the treatment mainly focuses on relieving symptoms and supporting the body's immune response rather than directly targeting the virus.Host Immune Response: In bacterial infections, the body's immune system can effectively recognize and target bacteria, leading to a robust immune response that can clear the infection. In contrast, viruses can often evade the immune system and establish chronic infections or latency within the host's cells, making them harder to eliminate.It's important to note that while bacterial infections can be easier to treat with antibiotics, the rise of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens poses a significant challenge. The misuse or overuse of antibiotics can contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, making treatment more difficult. It highlights the importance of responsible antibiotic use and ongoing research for the development of new antimicrobial strategies.
To know more about Antibiotics follow the link:
https://brainly.com/question/10868637
#SPJ4
Describe an appropriate reaction to a 7-year-old child who kicks and bites when you attempt to give an injection.
Calm down the child make sure they feel safe .
How do you help a child who is afraid of shots?Bring a comfort item from homeStay calm yourselfHold little ones in your lap.Try three deep breaths.Slather on the positive praise.How do you prepare a child for a needle?Use the CARD system to make needles more comfortable: Comfort, Ask, Relax, Distract.
To learn more about injection , here
https://brainly.com/question/27444962?referrer=searchResults
#SPJ2
A therapist, whose approach to psychotherapy is based on Sigmund Freud's theory, explains that a patients problematic behavior is based upon
A. A classically conditioned response
B. Observational learning without consequences
C. Being stuck in the developmental task of trust vs. mistrust
D. Unconscious motives, fears, and anxieties
Answer: The answer would be unconscious motives, fears, and anxieties because this is based on Freud's Theories
Explanation: Mom studied this in nurses training and then became an R.N.
Hope this helps! Dee Dee Riley
A therapist, whose approach to psychotherapy is based on the theory of Sigmund Freud, explains that a patient's problematic behavior is based on being stuck in the task of developing trust versus mistrust.
How does Freud explain anger?Freud associates aggressive impulses with self-preservation drives, which would have the function of maintaining and affirming individual existence. In the same way, he postulates a genesis of its own for hate, when he states that “the apparent transformation of love into hate is just an illusion”
With this information, we can conclude that a therapist, whose approach to psychotherapy is based on the theory of Sigmund Freud, explains that a patient's problematic behavior is based on being stuck in the task of developing trust versus mistrust.
Learn more about Sigmund Freud in brainly.com/question/5286466
#SPJ2
what plane of motion does the Flexor Carpi Radialis move on?
Should a patient with CKD stage 5 not on dialysis have fluid
restriction?
In general, patients with CKD stage 5, are not on dialysis may require fluid restriction. CKD stage 5 is characterized by significant loss of kidney function.
Fluid restriction aims to maintain fluid balance and prevent fluid overload, which can contribute to symptoms such as edema (swelling), shortness of breath, and increased blood pressure. By limiting fluid intake, the amount of fluid entering the body is reduced, helping to prevent the burden on the compromised kidneys and maintain overall fluid balance.
However, it is important to note that fluid restriction should be individualized based on the patient's specific condition, overall health, and treatment plan. Factors such as urine output, blood pressure, presence of other medical conditions, and the advice of a healthcare professional should be taken into consideration when determining the appropriate level of fluid restriction for a patient with CKD stage 5.
Patients should work closely with their healthcare team, including nephrologists and dietitians, to determine the optimal fluid intake based on their unique circumstances. They will consider factors such as the stage of CKD, presence of comorbidities, medications, and overall fluid balance to guide the patient in managing their fluid intake effectively.
Learn more about kidney function here
https://brainly.com/question/29101378
#SPJ11
Which of the following medications is indicated for systemic fungal infections?
A. Argatroban
B. Amiodarone
C. Amphotericin B
D. Azathioprine
Answer:
C - Amphotericin B
Explanation:
Amphotericin B is still the drug of choice for the treatment of most severe systemic fungal infections in immunocompromised patients.
OK KNOW IM GIVVING A BUNCH OF POINTS WITH NO MISTAKES!!!
Answer:
thx bro ur nice...........
:O thank you! Have a GREAT rest of your day!
when does human life begin
Case Study 3 – Consent
A 14-year-old youth suffering depression does not want to discuss his problems with his parents. He seeks help from a community health centre. On his first visit he is provided with counselling and asked to return for a second visit where the possibility of medication will be discussed. He is reassured that his parents do not have to be involved if he does not want them to be. Researchers from the centre are looking for people to take part in a study that will find out if a new investigational drug can help in the treatment of depression. They invite the fourteen-year-old to participate in the randomised controlled trial. The researchers say that parental consent is not needed for the 14-year-old to access treatment so they do not need to obtain parental consent for him to participate in the research.
Questions
Is the researcher’s view correct?
Does it depend on the nature of the reasarch?
Describe a situation that might cause a medical assistant to be charged with medical malpractice.
Answer:
An example of when a medical assistant can be held liable for medical malpractice is when they have failed to observe the "applicable" standard of care.
One situation of malpractice took place in Indiana in 2019, when a woman received an iron solution injection under the care of a medical assistant instead of what she was supposed to be given--a vitamin B-12. This caused discolouration and chronic pain in the patient's arm, so she sued both the the overseeing physician and assistant, claiming their negligence in terms of supervision was responsible for her injuries. In this type of situation, a jury may award the patient and charge the practitioners (as done in this example, with the woman being awarded 120,000).
Scenario:
Assume you are a pharmacy assistant in a nursing home, screening patients for contraindications and drug interactions. What is the
potential drug problem--and its solution--for each of the following cases?
a. Patient A has hypertension. He has been prescribed hydrocortisone injections for severe bursitis.
b. Patient B is diabetic. She has been prescribed prednisolone for osteoarthritis.
Please use the textbook (chapter 36) as a reference for this discussion. A maximum of 10 points will be given for this assignment.
Answer:
a- hydrocortisone cause hypertension by renin-angiotensin-aldosterone.we treate that by diuretics
b-prednisolone cause increase blood sugar by increasing resistance liver for insulin. we can treat by cream or reduce dose
is considered healthy in terms of its effect on blood cholesterol, while ____ is considered unhealthy
Answer:
MONOUNSATURATED FAT is considered healthy in terms of its effect on blood cholesterol, while TRANS FAT is considered unhealthy.
Explanation:
Monounsaturated fat, in nutrition, is a fatty acid with a double bond in the molecule. The best known monounsaturated fats are those of Omega 9, like natural oils. These foods are beneficial for health, as they reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood, thereby improving the functioning of the blood and heart systems.
In turn, trans fat is a type of unsaturated fat that is neither necessary for the body nor good for health. On the contrary, trans fats have been found to increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease and cancer.
Sofiya is learning about the human brain. Her teacher asks to her identify a part of the brain's central core. Which of the following should she choose?
Answer:
This question lacks options, options are:
A) cerebral cortex
B) cerebellum
C) hypothalamus
D) spinal cord
The correct answer is B.
Explanation:
Brain's central cored is considered our primitive brain and defined as a hierarchical cognitive organization, it is responsible for carrying out the most basic functions and those unconscious and involuntary behaviors, it is formed by the reticular system, the cerebellum, the basal ganglia and the brain stem. The cerebellum is a motor organ located in the posterior fossa, closely related to the brain stem which is responsible for controlling balance, constantly monitoring the feedback of the muscles to coordinate their location, movement and tension.
The sternum is also called the _______
a. spinal column
b. jawbone
c. breastbone
d. thighbone
Answer:
C. Breastbone
Hope this helped! :)
Why might autoimmune diseases develop in the human body?
Answer:
When the body senses danger from a virus or infection, the immune system kicks into gear and attacks it. its called an immune response. Sometimes, healthy cells and tissues are caught up in this response, resulting in an autoimmune disease.
Explanation:
I HOPE THIS HELPS!!!
Autoimmune diseases develop in the body because the immune system of the body fights against the health issues of the body.
What are autoimmune diseases?Autoimmune diseases are diseases caused when the immune system of the body attacks the healthy cells of the body. Arthritis is an autoimmune disease.
When our immune system feels danger it attacks, but sometimes it attacks the healthy cells, which causes autoimmune diseases.
Thus, because the immune system of the body battles against the body's health problems, autoimmune illnesses begin to develop in the body.
Learn more about autoimmune diseases, here:
https://brainly.com/question/14766876
#SPJ2
The body is comprised of storage fat and which of the following?
Brown fat
Essential fat
White fat
Lipid fat
The human body is comprised of two types of fat namely; storage fat and essential fat. Essential fat can be described at the type of fat that is required for the normal functioning of the human body. It can be found in the brain and organs spread throughout the body. This type of fat is very important for the sustenance of the body.
Storage fat as the name implies is the type of fat that is accumulated in the body. It serves as an energy reservoir.
Learn more via the link below;
https://brainly.com/question/21470897?referrer=searchResults
The gracilis muscle abducts the hip.
True or false
Answer:
False
Explanation:
The gracilis muscle adducts, medially rotates (with hip flexion), laterally rotates, and flexes the hip.
What, according to your textbook, is a robust and useful theory?
What goes into creating a theory?
What is the difference between a theory and an idea?
Human nature is a broader concept than personality. The assumptions about human nature are reflected in the theories you will read. Looking at the list of six "dimensions for a concept of humanity" in the first chapter of your textbook (Feist et al., 2021), explain one of the dimensions in your own words and give an example.
One dimension of human nature mentioned in the textbook is "individual differences." This dimension recognizes that individuals vary in their thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and characteristics. It acknowledges the uniqueness of each person and emphasizes the importance of considering these individual differences in understanding human behavior.
According to the textbook, a robust and useful theory is one that is based on empirical evidence, provides a comprehensive explanation of phenomena, and has practical applications. Such a theory is supported by multiple research studies and has been tested and validated across different contexts and populations. It should offer insights into the underlying mechanisms and processes involved, allowing for predictions and interventions.
Creating a theory involves several steps. It typically begins with observation and the identification of patterns or relationships in data. From there, researchers develop hypotheses and formulate predictions based on existing knowledge and theories. These hypotheses are then tested through empirical research, using various research methods such as experiments, surveys, or qualitative analysis. The results of these studies are analyzed, and conclusions are drawn, which contribute to the development and refinement of the theory. The process of theory creation is iterative, as new evidence and ideas emerge, leading to further modifications and expansions of the theory.
The main difference between a theory and an idea lies in their level of development and empirical support. An idea is a concept or notion that has not been extensively tested or validated through research. It is often a starting point for further exploration and inquiry. In contrast, a theory is a well-established and systematically organized set of principles or explanations supported by empirical evidence and research. It provides a framework for understanding and predicting phenomena.
For example, some individuals may have a more introverted personality, preferring solitude and reflection, while others may be more extraverted, seeking social interactions and stimulation. Recognizing and considering these individual differences helps explain why people respond differently to various situations and interventions, and it highlights the need for personalized approaches in psychology and related fields.
for more such questions on human
https://brainly.com/question/29963623
#SPJ8
Discuss normality and abnormality of sex orientation among children and adolescents in a school context.
Sexual orientation is a complex aspect of human development that involves the individual's romantic, emotional, and sexual attraction to others. In children and adolescents, sexual orientation is still in the process of development and can be influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, environment, and personal experiences.
Normality and abnormality of sexual orientation in children and adolescents should not be judged based on societal norms or stereotypes. It is essential to recognize that sexual orientation is a natural aspect of human diversity, and there is no one "normal" or "abnormal" sexual orientation. All sexual orientations, including heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality, are normal and valid.
In a school context, it is crucial to provide a safe and inclusive environment that respects the diversity of sexual orientations. Schools should provide comprehensive sexuality education that includes information about sexual orientation and gender identity to help students understand and respect each other's differences.
It is also essential to address discrimination and harassment based on sexual orientation or gender identity in schools. Teachers and staff should be trained on how to create a safe and inclusive environment for all students, regardless of their sexual orientation or gender identity.
Parents and caregivers can also play a crucial role in supporting their children's sexual orientation. They can provide a safe and supportive environment for their children to explore and express their sexual orientation without fear of rejection or discrimination.
In conclusion, sexual orientation in children and adolescents is a normal aspect of human diversity and should be respected and valued. Creating a safe and inclusive environment in schools and at home can help support the healthy development of children and adolescents, regardless of their sexual orientation.
8. An advanced practice registered nurse in an outpatient clinic could delegate which of the following tasks to an unlicensed clinical staff member?
Answer:
Delegatee Responsibilities
Everyone is responsible for the well-being of patients. While the nurse is ultimately accountable for the overall care provided to a patient, the delegatee shares the responsibility for the patient and is fully responsible for the delegated activity, skill or procedure
The newly recruited unlicensed assistance personnel's knowledge and performance must be evaluated by the registered nurse, cleansing and dressing a minor leg wound in accordance with step-by-step instructions, hence option D is correct.
Who is an unlicensed clinical staff member?This medical practitioner treats patients while also reviewing the skills and output of recently hired unlicensed assistance staff before assigning them a job.
This is done to stop inexperienced staff from making mistakes by properly supervising them.
Perioperative nursing is a branch of nursing that focuses on caring for patients undergoing surgery or other invasive procedures. Perioperative nurses work closely with doctors, anesthesiologists, nurse anesthetists, surgical technicians, and nurse practitioners.
The patient's physical, psychological, and social state must be assessed, and pre-op nurses are in charge of preparing the patient for surgery and performing nursing interventions.
Therefore, cleansing and dressing a minor leg wound in accordance with step-by-step instructions, hence option D is correct.
Learn more about unlicensed assistance personnel, here:
https://brainly.com/question/26964151
#SPJ5
The given question is incomplete, so the complete question is,
An advanced practice registered nurse in an outpatient clinic could delegate which of the following tasks to an unlicensed clinical staff member?
A. Administering intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SQ) injections other than insulin.
B. Calling in prescription refills of a PRN pain medication for which no refills have been authorized.
C. Reviewing routine laboratory results and calling the patient to tell the patient what the results mean.
D. Cleansing and dressing a minor leg wound in accordance with step-by-step instructions.
Help with a reflection piece on adult safeguarding in the United Kingdom
Adult safeguarding is the process of protecting adults who are at risk of abuse or neglect. Abuse can happen to anyone, regardless of age, gender, race, or social status.
What is adult safeguarding about?There are many different types of adult abuse, including physical abuse, emotional abuse, financial abuse, and sexual abuse. Physical abuse is any act that causes physical harm to an adult. Emotional abuse is any act that causes emotional harm to an adult, such as threats, insults, or isolation. Financial abuse is any act that takes advantage of an adult's financial resources, such as stealing money or property. Sexual abuse is any sexual act that is forced or unwanted.
In the United Kingdom, adult safeguarding is the responsibility of a number of different agencies, including local authorities, the NHS, and the police. These agencies work together to identify and protect adults who are at risk of abuse.
Find out more on adult safeguarding here: https://brainly.com/question/25704106
#SPJ1
microendoscopy-assisted minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for lumbar degenerative diseases: 5-year outcomes. world neurosurg
The study titled "Microendoscopy-Assisted Minimally Invasive Versus Open Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion for Lumbar Degenerative Diseases: 5-Year Outcomes" published in World Neurosurgery compares the long-term outcomes of microendoscopy-assisted minimally invasive and open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion techniques for treating lumbar degenerative diseases.
The mentioned study published in World Neurosurgery aimed to compare the 5-year outcomes of two surgical techniques for treating lumbar degenerative diseases: microendoscopy-assisted minimally invasive and open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF).
Microendoscopy-assisted minimally invasive TLIF is a less invasive approach that utilizes specialized microendoscopic instruments and imaging technology to access and treat the affected area of the lumbar spine. On the other hand, open TLIF involves a larger incision and greater tissue disruption.
The study likely included a group of patients who underwent microendoscopy-assisted minimally invasive TLIF and another group who underwent open TLIF. Various outcome measures, such as pain relief, functional improvement, fusion rates, complications, and patient satisfaction, were assessed over a 5-year follow-up period.
The findings of the study would provide valuable insights into the long-term effectiveness and safety of these two surgical techniques for lumbar degenerative diseases. It would help inform medical professionals and patients in making decisions regarding the choice of surgical approach based on the expected outcomes and potential benefits of each technique.
To know more about Neurosurgery refer here
https://brainly.com/question/32521787#
#SPJ11
Watch the video below
Nursing Simulation Scenario: Medical Error
Write a 500 word response:
What contributed to medication error in this scenario?
Answer:
What contributed to the medication error was that the nurse did not check the patient's INR before applying the medication.
Explanation:
Medication errors occur when someone in the medical team fails to evaluate a factor and ends up passing a medication that could not be consumed or applied in the presence of that factor. In the case presented in the video, mentioned in the question above, the patient had a very high INR, in this situation the medication known as Coumadin could not be applied, as it could cause abnormal bleeding and it was difficult to control. However, the nurse did not check the level of INR that the patient was presenting before applying the medication.