Answer:
The horse's average speed is 0.527 m/sExplanation:
step one:
In this problem, we are not asked explicitly what to solve for, but given the following data we can solve for the average speed
step two:
We know that average speed = total distance/total time taken
total distance= 15m+20+4m= 39m
total time= 74 seconds
step three:
average speed= 39/74
average speed= 0.527 m/s
The horse's average speed is 0.527 m/s
Answer:
.42 | Speed
.527 | Velocity
A truck of mass 1600 kg is traveling at 15 m/s. In order to avoid running over a squirrel in the middle of the road, the truck driver begins to brake. What must the braking force on the truck be if the truck comes to stop in 2 s? *
a)12000n
b) 8000n
c)7000n
d)6000n
a car is traveling north. can its acceleration vector ever Point South? explain
When a car is traveling north, its acceleration vector can point south when it is slowing down.
A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction. The direction of a vector is always shown by the direction to which the arrow points.
If the car is travelling north, the direction of the acceleration vector will continue to point northwards.
However, when the car slows down, the direction of the accelerating vector will now point southwards.
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If you pitch a baseball with twice the kinetic energy you gave it in the
previous pitch, the magnitude of its momentum is
Answer:
the magnitude of momentum is √2≈ b
Explanation:
hope that helped
The observation of a "wet spot" on a hot highway in the summer is caused by:_________.
a. dispersion
b. diffraction
c. refraction
d. reflection.
Answer: Refraction
Explanation:
The observation of a wet spot on a hot highway in the summer season is caused by refraction. Therefore, option (C) is correct.
What is refraction?Refraction can be defined as the redirection of light as it passes from one medium to another medium. The redirection of light is caused by a change in the medium or by the wave's change in speed.
Refraction of light can be described as an observed phenomenon, but other waves such as sound waves and water waves also experience refraction.
Refraction of light obeys Snell's law that the ratio of the sines of the angle of incidence and refraction must be equal to the ratio of phase velocities in the two media to the refractive index of the two media.
When the sunlight makes a blacktop hot highway. The appearance of the wet spot is bright because of the refraction of light from the sky.
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A-0.06 C charge that moves downward is in a uniform electric field with a strength of 200 N/C. What is the
magnitude and direction of the force on the charge?
O 12 Nup
O 12 N down
O 3333 Nup
O 3333 N down
Answer:
its B
Explanation:
i just took the test
The correct option is B. The magnitude of the force on the charge is 12N and the direction is downward.
The electric field is a region of space where electric force can be felt. The formula for calculating the magnitude of a force in an electric field is expressed as:
\(\overline F=qE\) where:
q is the charge measured in CoulombsE is the electric field intensity measured in N/CGiven the following parameters:
q = -0.06C
E = 200N/C
Substitute the given parameters into the formula as shown:
\(\overline F = -0.06 * 200\\\overline F = -12N\\\)
Since the modulus of the force is in the negative sense, hence the direction will be downward.
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Weight is best defined as _____. A the amount of space an object takes up B the speed of an object C the force of gravity on an object D the amount of energy in an object
Weight is best defined as C) the force of gravity on an object.
A geosynchronous satellite orbits Mars (mass = 6.42 x 1023 kg) once every Martian day, 88640 s. At what radius does it orbit?
Answer:
angular speed ω = 2PI / T rad/sec
ω^2*r = M*G/r^2
r = ³√ M*G/ω^2 = ³√6.42*10^23*6.67*10^-11*88640^2/39.5 = 2.04*10^7 m
Explanation:
A geosynchronous satellite orbits Mars once every Martian day, 88640 s then the radius of the orbit will be equal to 2.04 × 10⁷ m.
What is gravity?The fundamental force of attraction operating on all matter is recognized as gravity, also spelled gravity, in mechanics. It has no impact on identifying the interior properties of common matter because it is the weakest force known to exist in nature.
As per the given data in the question,
Mass, m = 6.42 x 10²³ kg
Time, T = 88640 s
Use the formula of velocity for satellite,
v = 2πR/T
Where R represents the radius
Use the formula of centripetal acceleration,
\(a_c\) = v²/R
Thus;
\(a_c\) = (2πR/T)²/R
= 4π²R/T²
The formula for gravitational acceleration is:
\(a_g\) = Gm/R²
G = 6.674 × 10⁻¹¹ m³/kg. s²
Now, the satellite's gravitational acceleration is what is responsible for its centripetal acceleration. Thus,
Centripetal acceleration = gravitational acceleration.
Thus;
4π²R/T² = Gm/R²
Making R the subject gives;
R = ∛(GmT²/4π²)
Substitute the values in the above equation,
R = ∛((6.674 × 10⁻¹¹ × 6.42 x 10²³ × 88640²)/(4 × π²))
R = 2.04 × 10⁷ m
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True or False
Microscopic organisms grow on the rocks near a volcano if the rocks are cooled to 120 degrees Celsius or less.
Explanation:
it's true
Kiss me if I'm wrong. But dinosaurs still exist right?
Answer:
True
Definetely true
List the 6 questions you may apply to formulating a logical, reasonable perspective to any situation.
Steps to formulate a logical, reasonable perspective to any situation are: gather information, identify problem, analyze the situation, consider assumptions, generate solutions, evaluate options, consider your values, make decision and monitor and adjust
What are the 6 questions that may be applied to formulate logical, reasonable perspective to any situation?Here are the six questions that you can apply to formulating a logical, reasonable perspective to any situation:
What are the issues that should be addressed?
What are the relevant facts and data related to this problem or issue?
What assumptions am I making about the problem or issue?
What are the possible solutions or outcomes, and what are the pros and cons of each?
What are my values and priorities related to this problem or issue?
What additional information do I need to make an informed decision or come to a reasonable conclusion?
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Trace the decay of U-238 to Ra-226 as shown in Figure 39.15 in the textFigure out what particles must be emitted in each step, and write the reaction for that step in terms of symbols
The reaction equations for the steps involved in the decay of U-238 to Ra-226 are;
\(^{238}_{92}U\ \rightarrow \ ^{234}_{90}Th \ + \ ^{4}_{2}He\)
\(^{234}_{90}Th \ \rightarrow \ ^{230}_{88}Ra \ + \ ^{4}_{2}He\)
\(^{230}_{88}Ra \ \rightarrow \ ^{226}_{86}Ra \ + \ ^{4}_{2}He\)
What is the radioactive equation for the decay of U-238?The radioactive equation for the decay of U-238 to Ra-226 is calculated as follows;
First the uranium atom (U-238) will decay thorium by emitting alpha particle as shown in the equation below;
\(^{238}_{92}U\ \rightarrow \ ^{234}_{90}Th \ + \ ^{4}_{2}He\)
The second stage is, the thorium will decay to radium by emitting alpha particles again as shown below;
\(^{234}_{90}Th \ \rightarrow \ ^{230}_{88}Ra \ + \ ^{4}_{2}He\)
The third, and final stage, the radium will decay to an isotope of radium again, by emitting alpha particle as shown below;
\(^{230}_{88}Ra \ \rightarrow \ ^{226}_{86}Ra \ + \ ^{4}_{2}He\)
Thus, the reaction equations for the steps involved in the decay of U-238 to Ra-226 are;
\(^{238}_{92}U\ \rightarrow \ ^{234}_{90}Th \ + \ ^{4}_{2}He\)
\(^{234}_{90}Th \ \rightarrow \ ^{230}_{88}Ra \ + \ ^{4}_{2}He\)
\(^{230}_{88}Ra \ \rightarrow \ ^{226}_{86}Ra \ + \ ^{4}_{2}He\)
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When the material in the mantle cools off near the surface then sinks
down towards the core and get heated again and rises back towards the
surface it is called?
Condensation
О
The water cycle
O
Convection currents
О
Apples and Bananas.
PLEASE HELP THIS IS URGENT ITS FOR A TEST
Answer:
convection currents
Explanation:
A rigid body is rotating with constant angular speed 3 radians per second about a fixed axis through the points A. (4, 1, 1), B. (2, -1; 0), distances being measured in centimeters. The rotation is in the left-handed sense relative to the direction AB
1, Determine the unit vector pointing in the direction BA.
2, What is the angular velocity () of the of the body?
3, Write the position vector of point P: P .
Find the instantaneous velocity of particle P [hint v = w×r)
4, What is meant by left-handed rotation (left-handed coordinate system)?
5, Write the position vectors of points A and B The rotation axis AB has direction BA. Write the direction BA in terms of the components given above.
1.Unit vector in the direction BA: BA/|BA| = (2/3, 2/3, 1/3)
2.The angular velocity (ω) of the body is given as 3 radians per second.
3.Without the position of point P given, it is not possible to write the position vector of P.
4.Left-handed rotation refers to the direction of rotation where the rotation follows the left-hand rule.
5.Position vector of point A: (4, 1, 1)
Position vector of point B: (2, -1, 0)
The direction vector BA = (-2, -2, -1)
1.To determine the unit vector pointing in the direction BA, we subtract the coordinates of point B from the coordinates of point A and normalize the resulting vector.
The direction vector BA is given by:
BA = (4 - 2, 1 - (-1), 1 - 0) = (2, 2, 1)
To obtain the unit vector in the direction of BA, we divide the direction vector by its magnitude:
|BA| = √(2^2 + 2^2 + 1^2) = √(4 + 4 + 1) = √9 = 3
Unit vector in the direction BA: BA/|BA| = (2/3, 2/3, 1/3)
2.The angular velocity (ω) of the body is given as 3 radians per second.
3.Without the position of point P given, it is not possible to write the position vector of P. Please provide the position of point P to proceed with the calculation.
4.Left-handed rotation refers to the direction of rotation where the rotation follows the left-hand rule. In a left-handed coordinate system, if you curl the fingers of your left hand in the direction of rotation, your thumb will point in the direction of the rotation axis. It is the opposite direction to a right-handed rotation.
5.The position vectors of points A and B are:
Position vector of point A: (4, 1, 1)
Position vector of point B: (2, -1, 0)
The direction vector BA can be obtained by subtracting the coordinates of point A from the coordinates of point B:
BA = (2 - 4, -1 - 1, 0 - 1) = (-2, -2, -1)
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A radio is rated as 50 W. Calculate the energy transferred in Joules by the radio when it has been switched on for 2 minutes?
The energy transferred in Joules by the radio when it has been switched on for 2 minutes would be 6000 Joules.
Energy transferPower is defined as the rate of energy transfer or the rate at which work is done, and is given by the equation:
Power = Energy transferred / Time
Rearranging the equation to solve for energy transferred, we get:
Energy transferred = Power x Time
We are given:
Power = 50 W
Time = 2 minutes = 120 seconds
Therefore, the energy transferred by the radio when it has been switched on for 2 minutes is:
Energy transferred = Power x Time = 50 W x 120 s = 6000 J
In other words, the energy transferred by the radio is 6000 Joules.
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The figure shows a cube resting on top of a table . If the table rotates and moves the cube in a counterclockwise circle at a constant speed , describe the direction of the acceleration experienced by the cube .
Answer:
Forwarded
Explanation:
A 100 kg mass, initially at rest, is blown apart into two 50.0 kg pieces.
After the blast, the two masses are moving apart with a relative velocity
of 100 m/s. The total kinetic energy after the explosion is
Answer:
Since the center of mass is zero prior to the explosion, it must also be zero after the explosion because no external forces are present,
KE1 = 1/2 (M/2) * 50^2 m2/s^2= 25 * 2500 J = 62,500 J
The total KE will be 2 * 62,500 J = 125,000 J
The volume coefficient of thermal expansion for gasoline is 950 × 10 -6 K -1. By how many cubic centimeters does the volume of 1.00 L of gasoline change when the temperature rises from 30°C to 50°C?
Answer:
19 cm³
Explanation:
The coefficient of thermal expansion is the ratio of the change in volume to the reference volume for each degree change in temperature. Hence the change in volume is found by multiplying by the reference volume and the change in temperature.
(1000 cm³)(0.950·10⁻³/K)(50-30)K = 19 cm³ . . . volume increase
If a microwave is determined to use 661 W of power on a 120 V circuit, how many amperes does it need to run?
The formula for calculating power is expressed as
Power = current x voltage
Dividing both sides of the equation by voltage, we have
current = power/voltage
From the information given,
power = 661
voltage = 120
Thus,
current = 661/120
current = 5.51 A
It needs 5.51 amperes to run.
Your car is initially at rest when your hit that gas and the car begins to accelerate at a rate of 2.857 m/s/s. The acceleration lasts for 15.5 s. What is the final speed of the car and how much ground does it cover during this acceleration?
Given parameters:
Initial velocity = 0m/s
Acceleration = 2.857m/s²
Time = 15.5s
Unknown:
Final speed of the car = ?
Solution:
We use one of the motion equations to solve this problem;
V = U + at
Where V is the final velocity
U is the initial velocity
a is the acceleration
t is the time taken
V = 0 + 2.857 x 15.5 = 44.28m/s
What was the earliest energy source for humans?
A. coal
B. oil
C. natural gas
D. wood
Answer:
i think its oil
Explanation:
It was made & used as early as the fourth century BC.
A stuntman sitting on a tree limb wishes to drop vertically onto a horse galloping under the tree. The constant speed of the horse is 13.5 m/s, and the man is initially 3.55 m above the level of the saddle. Find a - What must be the horizontal distance between the saddle and limb when the man makes his move? Find b - How long is he in the air?
(a) the horizontal distance between the saddle and limb when the man makes his move is approximately 11.386 meters.
(b) the man is in the air for approximately 0.843 seconds.
To determine the horizontal distance between the saddle and limb when the man makes his move, we need to consider the horizontal velocity of the man when he drops from the tree limb.
Given:
Speed of the horse (constant velocity), v = 13.5 m/s
Vertical distance between the limb and saddle, h = 3.55 m
a) To find the horizontal distance, we can use the formula:
horizontal distance = horizontal velocity × time
Since the man drops vertically, his initial horizontal velocity is zero. The only horizontal velocity he will have is due to the motion of the horse.
The time taken by the man to fall can be determined using the equation for free fall:
h = (1/2) × g × t²
Where g is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.8 m/s²) and t is the time.
Rearranging the equation, we get:
t = √(2h / g)
Substituting the given values:
t = √(2 × 3.55 / 9.8) ≈ 0.843 s
Now, we can find the horizontal distance:
horizontal distance = v × t
horizontal distance = 13.5 × 0.843 ≈ 11.386 m
Therefore, the horizontal distance between the saddle and limb when the man makes his move is approximately 11.386 meters.
b) The time the man is in the air can be calculated using the same equation for free fall:
t = √(2h / g)
Substituting the given value of h:
t = √(2 × 3.55 / 9.8) ≈ 0.843 s
Thus, the man is in the air for approximately 0.843 seconds.
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A 148 g ball is dropped from a tree 11.0 m above the ground. With what speed would it hit the ground
Answer:
14.68m/s
Explanation:
As per the question, the data provided is as follows
Mass = M = 0.148 kg
Height = h = 11 m
Initial velocity = U = 0 m/s
Final velocity = V
Gravitational force = F
Mass = M
Based on the above information, the speed that hit to the ground is
As we know that
Work to be done = Change in kinetic energy
\(F ( S) = (\frac{1}{2} ) M ( V^2 - U^2 )\)
\(M g h = (\frac{1}{2} ) M ( V^2 - U^2 )\)
\(g h = (\frac{1}{2} ) ( V^2 - U^2 )\)
\(V^2 - U^2 = 2gh\)
\(V^2 - 0 = 2gh\)
\(V = \sqrt{2 g h}\)
\(= \sqrt{2\times9.8\times11}\)
= 14.68m/s
an object or is placed close to a thin converging lens. The diagram represents three way from the top of all passing through that lens.
Which option is correct A, B, C or D?
The type of image produced by the converging lens when object O is at that position will be virtual and enlarged, Option D.
What is a virtual and enlarged image?A virtual image is an image that is formed when light rays do not actually converge at a single point, but instead appear to converge when they are extended backwards. A virtual image is typically created by objects that are behind a lens or mirror that diverts the light rays in such a way that they appear to come from a different location.
An enlarged image, on the other hand, refers to a visual representation that has been magnified or made larger than the original size of the object being viewed.
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A shaft carries five masses A, B, C, D and E which revolve at the same radius in planes
which are equidistant from one another. The magnitude of the masses in planes A, C and
D are 50 kg, 40 kg and 80 kg respectively. The angle between A and C is 90° and that
between C and D is 135°. Determine the magnitude of the masses in planes B and E and
their positions to put the shaft in complete rotating balance.
The magnitude of the masses in planes B and E is 40 kg, and their positions are 120° and 240°, respectively, from the reference point on the shaft to achieve complete rotating balance.
To achieve complete rotating balance, the sum of the moments of the masses in planes A, C, D, B, and E should be equal to zero. Let's determine the magnitude of the masses in planes B and E and their positions.
Consider the moments of the masses in planes A, C, and D. The moment of a mass is given by the product of its magnitude and the sine of the angle between the mass and a reference line. The moments of masses A, C, and D are:
Moment of A = 50 kg * sin(0°) = 0 kg·m,
Moment of C = 40 kg * sin(90°) = 40 kg·m,
Moment of D = 80 kg * sin(135°) = -80 kg·m.
Since the moments of A, C, and D are known, we can use the principle of complete rotating balance to determine the magnitude and position of the masses in planes B and E.
Let's assume the magnitude of the masses in planes B and E as M. The moments of masses B and E can be represented as:
Moment of B = M * sin(120°) = M * √(3)/2,
Moment of E = M * sin(240°) = -M * √(3)/2.
Using the principle of complete rotating balance, the sum of the moments should be zero. Thus, we have:
Moment of A + Moment of C + Moment of D + Moment of B + Moment of E = 0.
0 + 40 kg·m + (-80 kg·m) + M * √(3)/2 + (-M * √(3)/2) = 0.
Simplifying the equation:
40 kg·m - 80 kg·m + M * √(3)/2 - M * √(3)/2 = 0,
-40 kg·m = 0.
From the equation, we can deduce that M must be equal to 40 kg to satisfy the condition of complete rotating balance.
Finally, we determine the positions of masses B and E. Since planes A, C, D, B, and E are equidistant from one another, and the angle between A and C is 90°, we divide the circle into 360°/5 = 72° sections. Thus, the positions of masses B and E are:
Position of B = 0° + 2 * 72° = 144°,
Position of E = 0° + 4 * 72° = 288°.
Therefore, the magnitude of the masses in planes B and E is 40 kg, and their positions to put the shaft in complete rotating balance are 144° and 288°, respectively, from the reference point on the shaft.
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An object undergoes simple harmonic motion along the x-axis shown above, where x = 0 is the object's equilibrium position. Which of the following graphs best shows the relationship between the object's acceleration a and its displacement x from equilibrium? (Assume positive acceleration to be directed to the right.)
Answer:
see below
Explanation:
Simple harmonic motion is described by a differential equation in which acceleration is proportional to the opposite of displacement. The displacement-acceleration graph looks like a line with negative slope.
Dharna is said to be concentration it is true or false
dharna is said to be concentration.. it is true
A lump of clay with a mass of .50.0 g is moving south at a speed of 20.0 cm/s. It collides head on with a second lump of clay with a mass of 70.0 g that is moving north at a speed of 40.0 cm/s. The two lumps stick together, and no external horizontal forces act on the system. What is the velocity of the combined lump after the collision?
The velocity of the combined lump after the collision is 39.5 cm/s, which is the average velocity of the two lumps before the collision.
To solve this problem, we can use the principle of conservation of momentum, which states that the total momentum of a system before a collision is equal to the total momentum of the system after the collision, provided there are no external horizontal forces acting on the system.
The momentum of an object is equal to its mass multiplied by its velocity. Therefore, we can calculate the total momentum of the system before the collision as:
Total momentum before collision = (0.50 g) × (-20.0 cm/s) + (70.0 g) × 40.0 cm/s
= -10.0 g·cm/s + 2800.0 g·cm/s
= 2790.0 g·cm/s
Since the two lumps stick together after the collision, their masses combine to form a single lump. Let's call the velocity of the combined lump after the collision "v". We can then calculate the total momentum of the system after the collision as:
Total momentum after collision = (0.50 g + 70.0 g) × v
= 70.50 g × v
According to the principle of conservation of momentum, the total momentum before the collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision. Therefore, we can equate these two expressions and solve for "v":
Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision
2790.0 g·cm/s = 70.50 g × v
v = 2790.0 g·cm/s ÷ 70.50 g
v = 39.5 cm/s
This result can be explained by the fact that, in the absence of external horizontal forces, the momentum of the system is conserved, and the total mass of the system remains constant.
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When does an object have No kinetic energy?
A. When it is at rest.
B. When it’s moving very slowly.
C. When the only force that is acting on it is gravity.
D. When it has no electrical charge?
Explanation:\(\sf{hey\:}\) \(\sf\cancel{mate\:Here\:}\) \(\sf\red{is\:ur\:answer}\)
when it is at rest.
because,
kinetic energy occurs when object in motion.
can,you mark me brainliest it's a request from.e to you
An object has no kinetic energy when it is at rest (Option A).
what is kinetic energy?Kinetic energy is the measure of the work that an object does by virtue of its motion. Simple activities like walking, jumping, throwing, and falling involve kinetic energy. In this article, let us familiarize ourselves with the concept of kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion. The formula for kinetic energy is
KE = 1/2mv²,
Where m is the mass of the object and
v is its velocity.
When an object is at rest, it has zero velocity, which means that its kinetic energy is also zero.
Option B is not correct because even if an object is moving very slowly, it still has some kinetic energy. The amount of kinetic energy it has will depend on its mass and velocity.
Option C is not correct because the force acting on an object does not affect its kinetic energy directly.
Kinetic energy is related to an object's motion, not its forces.
Option D is not correct because an object's electrical charge does not affect its kinetic energy directly. The amount of kinetic energy an object has is determined solely by its motion.
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Problem B.2: Escaping a Star (6 Points) It takes many years for a photon produced in a star's centre to reach its surface and escape into space. This is due to its constant interaction with other particles. To estimate the time it takes for a photon to escape a star's interior, we assume that the photon is deflected in equal time intervals into a random direction in a two-dimensional space (i.e., a random walk): At each step i, the photon moves a constant distance in an angle, thus changing its position: cos(4) sin(y) Ai, - c (a) Determine the distance R(n) from the centre (0,0) after n steps.
Answer:
This problem involves the concept of a random walk, which is a mathematical model of a path consisting of a succession of random steps.
The question asks for the distance, R(n), from the center of a star after n steps of a photon, assuming a 2D random walk.
The random walk in two dimensions has a step length of A_i and the direction of the steps is uniformly distributed in [0, 2π). The change in position after each step can be written in Cartesian coordinates (Δx, Δy), where Δx = A_i cos(θ_i) and Δy = A_i sin(θ_i).
The displacement from the center after n steps is given by the vector sum of all the individual steps. This vector sum can be written in terms of its Cartesian coordinates, (X, Y), where X = Σ Δx and Y = Σ Δy. This sum over n random vectors is itself a random variable. The net displacement R(n) from the center of the star after n steps is given by the magnitude of the net displacement vector:
R(n) = √(X² + Y²)
Because each step is independent and has a random direction, the expected value of the cosine and sine for any step is zero. This means that the expected values of X and Y are both zero.
However, the mean square displacement is not zero. Because the steps are independent, the mean square displacement in each direction is additive. For a 2D random walk:
<X²> = Σ <(Δx)²> = n <(A cos θ)²> = n A²/2
<Y²> = Σ <(Δy)²> = n <(A sin θ)²> = n A²/2
Because <X²> = <Y²>, we can write:
<R²> = <X²> + <Y²> = n A²
So, the root mean square distance (the square root of the mean square displacement) after n steps is:
R(n) = √(<R²>) = √(n) * A
Therefore, the distance R(n) that the photon is expected to be from the center of the star after n steps grows as the square root of the number of steps, with each step having a length A. Please note that this result holds for a 2D random walk. A real photon in a star would be performing a 3D random walk, which would have slightly different characteristics.
Q1:Which sound wave will have its crests farther apart from each other - a
wave with frequency 100 Hz or a wave with frequency 500 Hz?
Answer /The wave with frequency 100 will have its crests farther apart as its wavelength Will be more or elevated.
Explanation:
For sound waves, the velocity ‘v’ is equal to the product of wavelength (λ) and frequency (f) i.e. (v = n × λ or v/n = λ). Therefore, frequency is indirectly proportional to the wavelength.
The sound wave with frequency 100 will have its crests farther apart from each other as frequency is indirectly proportional to the wavelength. The speed of a wave is uninfluenced by variation in the frequency. Therefore, the less frequency wave will have more wavelength.
What is the economic term for the act of sacrificing one good or service to purchase or produce another?
Answer:
Trade-off. sacrificing one good or service to purchase or produce another.