A group of eight unrelated patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) were identified with a distinct point mutation in the gene coding for rhodopsin. The mutation corresponds to a single amino acid substitution in rhodopsin protein. Their ocular findings were compared with 140 unrelated RP patients without this mutation. The results are presented below for visual field area. Assume that the population distribution of visual field is normal, and the variances of the two populations are equal. Conduct a two-sided test at the 0.05 level of significance to determine whether there is a difference visual field area between those with and without the mutation. Use both the critical value and p-value methods. Comparison of In (visual field area) between RP patients with and without the rhodopsin mutation. Mutation Present Mutation Absent Mean 7.11 7.99 Standard deviation 1.21 1.32 140

Answers

Answer 1

To conduct a two-sided test at the 0.05 level of significance, we can use both the critical value and p-value methods.

Critical value method:

Step 1: State the null and alternative hypotheses

Null hypothesis: There is no difference in the visual field area between RP patients with and without the rhodopsin mutation.Alternative hypothesis: There is a difference in the visual field area between RP patients with and without the rhodopsin mutation.

Step 2: Determine the level of significance and degrees of freedom

Level of significance: α = 0.05Degrees of freedom: df = n1 + n2 - 2 = 8 + 140 - 2 = 146

Step 3: Determine the critical value(s)

Since we are conducting a two-sided test, we need to find the critical values for a t-distribution with 146 degrees of freedom and a significance level of 0.025 (0.05/2)Using a t-table or calculator, we find the critical values to be ±1.977.

Step 4: Calculate the test statistic

We can use the formula for a two-sample t-test with equal variances to calculate the test statistic:

t = (x1 - x2) / (sqrt((s1^2/n1) + (s2^2/n2)))

where x1 and x2 are the sample means, s1 and s2 are the sample standard deviations, and n1 and n2 are the sample sizes.


Plugging in the values, we get:

t = (7.11 - 7.99) / (sqrt((1.21^2/8) + (1.32^2/140))) = -2.06

Step 5: Make a decision

Since the calculated t-value (-2.06) falls outside the critical value range (-1.977 to 1.977), we reject the null hypothesis.Therefore, we conclude that there is a significant difference in the visual field area between Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) patients with and without the rhodopsin mutation.

p-value method:

Step 1: State the null and alternative hypotheses

Null hypothesis: There is no difference in the visual field area between RP patients with and without the rhodopsin mutation.Alternative hypothesis: There is a difference in the visual field area between RP patients with and without the rhodopsin mutation.

Step 2: Determine the level of significance and degrees of freedom

Level of significance: α = 0.05Degrees of freedom: df = n1 + n2 - 2 = 8 + 140 - 2 = 146

Step 3: Calculate the test statistic

We can use the formula for a two-sample t-test with equal variances to calculate the test statistic:

t = (x1 - x2) / (sqrt((s1^2/n1) + (s2^2/n2)))

where x1 and x2 are the sample means, s1 and s2 are the sample standard deviations, and n1 and n2 are the sample sizes.

Plugging in the values, we get:

t = (7.11 - 7.99) / (sqrt((1.21^2/8) + (1.32^2/140))) = -2.06

Step 4: Calculate the p-value

We can use a t-distribution calculator or table to find the p-value associated with the calculated t-value (-2.06) and degrees of freedom (146).

The p-value is 0.041 (two-tailed).

Step 5: Make a decision

Since the p-value (0.041) is less than the level of significance (0.05), we reject the null hypothesis.Therefore, we conclude that there is a significant difference in the visual field area between RP patients with and without the rhodopsin mutation.

In both methods, we reached the same conclusion that there is a significant difference in the visual field area between RP patients with and without the rhodopsin mutation. Therefore, we can conclude that this mutation has an effect on the visual field area in RP patients.

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Related Questions

which stage of the cycle of addiction is a key element of relapse?

Answers

The preoccupation or anticipation stage is a key element of relapse in the cycle of addiction.

 

During this stage, an individual begins to focus on the drug or behavior they are addicted to, and they start to anticipate the next time they will use it. They may start to crave the drug or behavior and begin to plan how they will obtain it. This preoccupation can be triggered by certain situations, people, or emotions, and it can be a strong predictor of relapse. As the individual becomes more preoccupied with the addiction, they may begin to neglect other responsibilities and relationships, which can lead to further problems. The preoccupation or anticipation stage is critical in the cycle of addiction, as it sets the stage for relapse, and it's important to be aware of this stage to be able to prevent it.

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The acronym COACH stands for ________.

Answers

Answer:Contract, Observe, Assess, Constructively Challenge, Handle Resistance.

Explanation:

Answer:

Contract, Observe, Assess, and Constructively Handle

Explanation:

never heard of it in my life but google helped lol

What are some ways that you can help yourself in a stressful situation?

Answers

Answer:

Distracting yourself from what makes you stressful like

do which makes you happy like listening to songs, talking to someone you life, etc.

Explanation:

Psychiatric nurses are registered nurses who can also provide psychological services. true
false

Answers

It is false that Psychiatric nurses are registered nurses who can also provide psychological services.

Mental medical attendants are enlisted attendants who have some expertise in psychological well-being nursing and are prepared to evaluate, analyze, and treat patients with emotional wellness problems.

They give a scope of administrations, including regulating meds, observing patients' physical and emotional well-being, giving psychoeducation, and teaming up with other medical services experts to foster therapy plans.

In any case, mental medical attendants are not prepared to offer mental types of assistance, like psychotherapy or advising, as these administrations normally require specific schooling and preparing in brain science or directing.

At times, mental medical attendants might work cooperatively with analysts or other emotional well-being experts to give exhaustive consideration to their patients, however they don't regularly offer these types of assistance themselves.

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This is a reminder... If school is stressing you out, take a break, don't stress over something that's not worth stressing over!

Answers

Answer:

Very true

Explanation:

Answer:

Thats very true. id say the same to you :)

Explanation:

Repetitive motions, heavy lifting, and prolonged awkward postures are all which type of hazard?.

Answers

Repetitive motions, heavy lifting, and prolonged awkward postures are all Ergonomic hazards.

Physical factors are essentially what ergonomics hazards are concerned with. The musculoskeletal system suffers from these factors.

Among the ergonomic risks are the following:

Repeated actionsManual Handling and Heavy LiftingWorkplace PlanningUncomfortable height of the workstationPoor body alignmentUnnatural bodily positions, etc.

All of these ergonomic risks have a direct impact on a person's productivity.

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According to Michael Pollan, what single change can have the greatest positive impact on our health? O Reducing caloric intake to the recommended amount for each age, gender, and activity level. Stress reduction. O Cooking at home. Reducing intake of free sugars to no more than 6 tsp. per day for women and 10 tsp. for men.

Answers

Answer:

I am pretty sure cooking from home

Explanation:

but it would depend what do you cook from home

Answers to follow last page
1. Health care providers in a community work together and share several common
purposes. These important purposes include all of the following, except:

A.disease prevention, detection, and treatment

b. public education and the promotion of health care research

c. providing culturally sensitive and acceptable care to patients

d. promoting Medicare as the only means for controlling health care costs.

Answers

C is the answer cause it

The abnormal invasion of a host or host tissues by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites, with or without signs or symptoms of disease is called a(n):__________

Answers

The abnormal invasion of a host or host tissues by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites, with or without signs or symptoms of disease is called an infection.

Invasion and proliferation of microorganisms not normally found in the body, such as bacteria, viruses and parasites. Infection may be asymptomatic and asymptomatic or clinically evident and symptomatic. Infection can spread through the blood or lymphatics, become systemic, or remain localized (systemic). Infections are not believed to be caused by microorganisms that occur naturally in the body. For example, infections are not caused by bacteria that are naturally present in the mouth and intestines. Infectious agents can be divided into four main groups: bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Researchers use specific characteristics, such as the size of infectious agents, to isolate these agents for study.

Therefore, the correct answer is infection.

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Section 1-2: Note Taking Guide
Evaluating Health Risks

Answers


To evaluate health risks, it's important to consider various factors and take a comprehensive approach. Here are some general steps you can follow:

Assess your personal health history: Consider any pre-existing medical conditions, family history of diseases, and previous health issues you may have experienced. This information can help identify potential risk factors.
Understand lifestyle choices: Evaluate your habits and behaviors such as diet, physical activity, tobacco and alcohol use, and sleep patterns. Unhealthy lifestyle choices can increase the risk of various health conditions.
Identify environmental factors: Determine if you are exposed to any environmental hazards such as pollution, toxic substances, or occupational risks that may impact your health.
Seek medical advice: Consult with healthcare professionals, such as primary care physicians or specialists, to discuss your specific health concerns and potential risk factors. They can provide personalized guidance and recommend screenings or tests based on your individual circumstances.
Regular check-ups and screenings: Stay up to date with recommended health screenings, vaccinations, and preventive measures. Regular check-ups can help identify any potential health issues at an early stage.
Risk assessment tools: Some health organizations provide online tools or questionnaires that can help assess your risk for specific diseases. These tools take into account various factors to estimate your risk level.
Remember, evaluating health risks is a complex process that requires professional guidance. It's crucial to consult with healthcare providers who can provide personalized advice based on your unique circumstances and medical history.

What bodily and facial changes can be expected in early childhood?

Answers

Bigger head Bigger brain and stuff

Foods high in fiber help ensure that the ___________ system works smoothly while reducing the risk of constipation.



A.Respiratory


B.Digestive


C.Circulatory

Answers

Answer:

b

Explanation:

the digestive system
is what fiber helps in the body and reduces constipation

Based on the cartoon, what statement would the cartoonist most likely agree with?
.

Answers

Football players are like entertainers. Football players face serious risks. Football players should invest wisely. Football players love their jobs.

Football players face serious risks. Thus, option "B" is correct.

What is football the sport?

Football, also called company football or soccer, is a match involving two teams of 11 players who try to drive the ball into the other group's goal without using their hands or arms.

The team that achieves more goals defeats. Football is the world's favourite ball game among a number of players and observers.

Thus, option "B" is correct.

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Answer: B- Football players face serious risks.

Explanation: Football mostly have concussion risks and brain trauma.

When a drug dependent person stops taking that drug his or her body
demonstrates symptoms known as
a. detoxification.
b. rehabilitation.
c. tolerance.
d. withdrawal.

Answers

Answer:

d

Explanation:

The answer would be D. Withdrawal

a medical record is a blank that provides a record of the care a patient recieved? pls help

Answers

Answer:

Im pretty sure

Explanation:

Document

A veterinary assistant must inventory all supplies each month. She counts the
following number of thermometers: 4, 12, 7, 23, and 9. What is the total number
of thermometers?

Answers

55 thermometers I think

3 test that can evaluate a brain tumor

Answers

There are several tests that can be used to evaluate a brain tumor, some of them are Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT) scan, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An MRI uses a strong magnetic field, radio waves, and a computer to create detailed images of the brain. This test is commonly used to diagnose brain tumors because it provides clear images of the brain and can distinguish between different types of tissues.

Computed Tomography (CT) scan: A CT scan uses X-rays and a computer to create detailed cross-sectional images of the brain. This test can show the location and size of a brain tumor, as well as its relationship to surrounding tissues and blood vessels.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan: A PET scan uses a small amount of radioactive material and a special camera to create detailed images of the brain. This test can show how the brain is functioning, which can help in determining if a suspected area is a tumor or not.

In some cases, a biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis of a brain tumor. During a biopsy, a small sample of tissue is taken from the brain and analyzed in a laboratory to determine the type and nature of the tumor.

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A muscle ________________ occurs when a muscle contracts for a prolonged period of time.
Group of answer choices

A Tear

B sprain

C strain

D Cramp

Answers

Answer:

D. Cramp

Explanation:

sorry if i'm wrong

what areas were most thoroughly cleaned by your washing technique?A. palms, backs of hands, fingers B. knuckles, under fingernails, in between finger C. wrist, palm, knuckle

Answers

There are certain areas that are most thoroughly cleaned by my washing technique. These areas include the palms, backs of hands, and fingers, Option A.

However, it's important to note that other areas, such as the knuckles, under fingernails, and in between fingers, require just as much attention when washing. When washing your hands, it's essential to use soap and water to thoroughly clean the surface of your skin. The palms of your hands, for example, come into contact with many surfaces throughout the day and can easily collect dirt and germs. Therefore, they require special attention when washing. Similarly, the backs of your hands and fingers are also areas that are exposed to germs and should be thoroughly cleaned during the washing process.

While the palms, backs of hands, and fingers are important areas to wash, it's also essential to pay attention to other areas, such as the knuckles, under fingernails, and in between fingers. These areas are often overlooked but can harbour germs and bacteria if not cleaned properly.

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Identify common situations where someone may use avoidance when it is a negative coping technique

Answers

Answer:Avoidance is a common negative coping technique used by individuals to deal with challenging situations or emotions. Here are some common situations where someone may use avoidance as a negative coping technique:

Avoiding a difficult conversation or conflict: Sometimes, people may avoid confronting an issue or having a difficult conversation to escape the uncomfortable feelings that come with it.

Avoiding responsibilities: In some cases, individuals may choose to avoid their responsibilities, such as work or personal obligations, due to anxiety or stress.

Avoiding emotions: People may use avoidance as a way of coping with uncomfortable emotions like sadness, anger, or fear. Instead of processing these emotions, they may distract themselves with other activities or substances.

Avoiding social situations: Social anxiety can lead individuals to avoid social situations and interactions, which can be detrimental to their mental health and wellbeing.

Avoiding physical or mental health problems: People may avoid seeking medical or psychological help when they experience physical or mental health problems, which can worsen their condition.

A client develops a cytotoxic reaction to a drug. what would the nurse expect to do?

Answers

Answer:

GIVE ANTIBIOTICS OR TYPES OF MEDICINE

Explanation:

I know that men can have heart attacks, but can women have heart attacks too?

Answers

Answer:

Yes

Explanation:

Heart attacks have nothing to do with gender

Yes, Males and Females both can have heart attacks

1) how would a health education specialist go
about locating credible health education curricula? 2) who should approve written school health
policies? do you agree? why/why not? 3) what are the leading causes of death for
adolescents and young adults, and for adults?

Answers

A health education specialist can locate credible health education curricula by conducting thorough research and utilizing reputable sources.

In order to locate credible health education curricula, a health education specialist should first conduct comprehensive research. This can involve exploring academic journals, professional organizations, and government websites that focus on health education. These sources often provide access to evidence-based curricula that have undergone rigorous evaluation and are considered credible within the field.

Additionally, collaborating with fellow health education professionals and attending conferences or workshops can offer opportunities to learn about reputable curricula. Networking with colleagues and experts in the field can provide valuable insights and recommendations based on their own experiences and expertise.

It is crucial for a health education specialist to critically evaluate the credibility of the curricula they come across. Factors such as alignment with recognized health education standards, inclusion of accurate and up-to-date information, and effectiveness in achieving desired learning outcomes should be considered during the evaluation process.

By combining research, networking, and critical evaluation, a health education specialist can successfully locate credible health education curricula that can effectively meet the needs of their target audience.

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A single-case experimental design is similar to a(n)

Answers

Single-subject research is similar to group research—especially experimental group research—in many ways. They are both quantitative approaches that try to establish causal relationships by manipulating an independent variable, measuring a dependent variable, and controlling extraneous variables.

A single-case experimental design is similar to a case study.

Single-case experimental design is a research method used to study the behavior of an individual or a small group of individuals. It involves measuring a behavior multiple times before and after a specific intervention is introduced to see if the intervention caused a change in the behavior.

This design is similar to a case study in that it focuses on a specific individual or group and collects detailed data about their behavior. However, unlike a case study, a single-case experimental design involves manipulating an independent variable to see its effect on a dependent variable.

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A patient comes to the office with a loose temporary, which fell off tooth #13 while she was eating. her permanent restoration has not yet been completed by the dental laboratory. what should the dental assistant do for this temporary? what instructions should be reviewed with the patient to avoid loosening the temporary again?

Answers

In a case whereby A patient comes to the office with a loose temporary, which fell off tooth while she was eating. her permanent restoration has not yet been completed by the dental laboratory, instructions that should be reviewed with the patient to avoid loosening the temporary again is that The patient should be instructed to avoid crunchy foods, such as tortilla chips, and to avoid gummy foods, such as caramels.

What instructions can be given to the patient to avoid loosening the temporary again?

In order to prepare an IRM for recementation, the dental assistant will first remove the loose temporary and remove any cement that is still on the tooth and in the temporary crown. Avoiding gummy foods like caramels and crunchy foods like tortilla chips should be the patient's instructions. Review how to properly brush your teeth and how to use floss around a temporary crown (elaborate on this in description)

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which of the micro-nutrients you have learned about could pose the most significant problem if a person is deficient in that micro-nutrient? Why?

Answers

What micro nutrients did you learn about?

All micronutrients are essential for human health, and their deficiency can lead to various health problems. However, if I have to pick one micro-nutrient that can pose the most significant problem if deficient, it would be vitamin A.

What type of vitamin is vitamin A ?

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for maintaining healthy vision, immune function, and skin health. It is also important for embryonic development and plays a role in regulating gene expression.

Vitamin A is found in animal products such as liver, dairy products, and eggs, as well as in some plant-based foods such as carrots, sweet potatoes, and spinach.

If a person is deficient in vitamin A, it can lead to a condition called night blindness, which is the inability to see in low light conditions. Vitamin A deficiency can also compromise the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections, especially in developing countries where infectious diseases are prevalent. In severe cases, vitamin A deficiency can lead to xerophthalmia, a condition that can cause blindness.

In pregnant women, vitamin A deficiency can lead to a higher risk of maternal mortality and birth defects. In children, vitamin A deficiency can cause stunted growth and increase the risk of mortality from infectious diseases.

Therefore, vitamin A deficiency is a significant public health concern worldwide, and it is essential to consume an adequate amount of vitamin A through a balanced diet or supplements to maintain good health.

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Analyse the negative effect of people’s personal views about infectious diseases on the health and safety of people

Answers

The general signs of infectious diseases include fever, diarrhea and fatigue etc.

Nowadays due to pollution and stressful lives, there are lot of diseases spread in the environment that affect the body strength of individuals as well as the animals.

Infectious diseases continue to be the major causes of mortality in countries. Well known existing, emerging and re-emerging diseases like schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, sleeping sickness and others are causing suffering and mortality to a wide population in developing countries.

The negative effect of people's views about infectious diseases on the health and safety of people can be far-reaching. People who have negative views about infectious diseases can be reluctant to practice necessary safety protocols, or get required vaccinations.

1. Write two reasons to justify your answer if you think Home Science relates to the art of living.

Answers

Home Science education deals with all aspects of home and family management. It is both an art and science. It's an 'art' because it helps you manage your resources in a skilful manner, and it's a 'science' because it helps you improve your family life by offering you knowledge in the field.

4. Explain why it is important to practice handling food with care. Explain what could
happen if you do not. Have you experienced health issues from poorly handled
food? Explain.

Answers

Answer:

It is important to practice handling food with care because unsafe food handling can lead to outbreaks of foodborne illnesses (commonly known as food poisoning). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), foodborne illnesses can cause long-lasting disability and even death.

If proper safe food handling procedures are not followed, it can put people at risk of getting sick, harm a business’s reputation with customers, and even put jobs at risk.

I hope this helped :)

Feel free to choose me as the brainliest if it did ;)

What are the symptoms of mania or hypomania that Feliziano describes? In Chapter 1, sevenindicators for abnormality were discussed. What are some of the ways in which hypomania maydiffer from other mental disorders with regard to these indicators?

Answers

Mania and hypomania are both characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increased energy or activity, and changes in behavior or thinking. However, there are some key differences between the two. In mania, symptoms are more severe and can include delusions, hallucinations, and psychotic symptoms. In hypomania, symptoms are milder, and there are no psychotic features.

Some of the symptoms of mania or hypomania include:

Elevated or irritable mood

Increased activity, energy, or restlessness

Decreased need for sleep

Racing thoughts or flight of ideas

Grandiosity or inflated self-esteem

Impulsivity or risky behavior

Increased talkativeness or pressured speech

Distractibility or difficulty focusing

Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities

With regard to the seven indicators of abnormality, hypomania may differ from other mental disorders in the following ways:

Statistical Infrequency: Hypomania is less common than some other mental disorders, such as depression or anxiety, but it is not statistically infrequent.

Violation of Social Norms: Hypomania can violate social norms if the individual engages in behavior that is impulsive or risky.

Personal Distress: While hypomania may be distressing for some individuals, others may enjoy the elevated mood and increased energy.

Disability or Dysfunction: Hypomania can lead to impairments in daily functioning, but these impairments are usually not as severe as those associated with mania.

Unexpectedness: Hypomania can occur unexpectedly, but it is often triggered by a stressful event or a lack of sleep.

Irrationality and Unpredictability: Hypomania can lead to impulsive or irrational behavior, but individuals with hypomania usually maintain their insight and judgment.

Observer Discomfort: Hypomania may not necessarily cause observer discomfort, but it can be concerning for family members or loved ones who may worry about the individual's well-being or safety.

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