The value of force F applied to the steel cable is approximately 3.75 x 10^3 N.
To determine the value of force F applied to a cylindrical steel cable of diameter 3.5 mm and length 10.0 m given the change in length of the cable is 7.8 mm, we can use the following formula:
F = A x Ysteel x ΔL / L
where:
A = πr^2 (cross-sectional area of the cable)
r = d/2 (radius of the cable)
d = 3.5 mm (diameter of the cable)
Ysteel = 20 x 10^10 N/m^2 (Young's modulus of steel)
ΔL = 7.8 mm (change in length of the cable)
L = 10.0 m (the original length of the cable)
First, we need to calculate the radius of the cable:
r = d/2 = 3.5 mm / 2 = 1.75 mm = 0.00175 m
Next, we can calculate the cross-sectional area of the cable:
A = πr^2 = π x (0.00175 m)^2 = 9.62 x 10^-6 m^2
Now, we can plug in the values into the formula:
F = A x Ysteel x ΔL / L
F = (9.62 x 10^-6 m^2) x (20 x 10^10 N/m^2) x (7.8 x 10^-3 m) / (10.0 m)
F = 3.75 x 10^3 N
Therefore, the value of force F applied to the steel cable is approximately 3.75 x 10^3 N.
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Your question is incomplete but probably the complete question
A force F is applied to a cylindrical steel cable of diameter 3.5 mm and length 10.0 m. Determine the value of F if the change in length of the cable is 7.8 mm.
Ysteel = 20 x 1010 N/m2
i. Draw the velocity diagram for the instant shown and determine the velocity of
sliding of the piston relative to the cylinder and the angular velocity of link
DP.
ii. Draw the acceleration diagram for the instant shown and determine the
acceleration of sliding of the piston relative to the cylinder and the angular
acceleration of link DP.
Answer:
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investigate and report on the purpose, relative advantages, and relative disadvantages of two network management software tools. comment on another person's post.
The two network management tools are Datadog and Zabbix.
What are advantages of Datadog and Zabbix?Datadog
The application topology and interdependencies are well visualized, and Datadog assists in automatically monitoring and analyzing network traffic between the application's component parts. It is simple to access the metrics' past. It is easy to manage the downtime for different resources.
Zabbix
Zabbix can keep an eye on servers, networks, databases, and websites. The zabbix interface is absolutely fantastic. The team can monitor only the things that are important to them using the customized dashboards. aids in the production of reports on the network assets' performance. Monitoring connection availability is beneficial.
What are disadvantages of Datadog and Zabbix?
Datadog
A faster method of removing the resources from datadog would be preferable. Training is more expensive. There is a lack of documentation in some setup-related areas. Customization is valued over simplicity.
Zabbix
Reports that are already created can also be updated. Being open source does not imply that something is free. Overall, the UI is functional, not necessarily attractive. Increase the number of triggers that can be configured The user interface is now slightly more tidy. The process is a little bit lighter as a result.
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Which of the following reduces friction in an engine A)wear B)drag C)motor oil D)defractionation
It is motor oil, as oil is used to reduce friction
Why does the ceramic made from Thorium and Oxygen have the chemical ratio of 2 oxygen atoms to every thorium atom (ThO2)
in vane test a torque of 46nm is required to cause failure of the vane in clay soil. the vane is 150mm long and has a diameter of 60mm calculate the apparent shear stress of the soil from the test when a vane of 200mm length and diameter of 90mm is used on the same soil the torque at failure is 138nm. calculate the ratio of shear strength of the clay in vertical direction to that in horizontal direction
The ratio of shear strength of the clay in vertical direction to that in horizontal direction is 1.41.
What is torque?The force that can cause an object to rotate along an axis is measured as torque. Similar to how force accelerates an item in linear kinematics, torque accelerates an object in an angular direction.
The apparent shear stress of the soil can be calculated using the following formula:
τ = T/(2πLW)
Where τ is the apparent shear stress, T is the torque at failure, L is the length of the vane, and W is the width of the vane.
For the first test with the vane of length 150mm and diameter 60mm:
τ1 = 46/(2π × 0.15 × 0.06) = 666.67 kPa
For the second test with the vane of length 200mm and diameter 90mm:
τ2 = 138/(2π × 0.2 × 0.09) = 402.23 kPa
To calculate the ratio of shear strength of the clay in vertical direction to that in horizontal direction, we can use the formula:
tan φ = (τv - σ)/τh
Where φ is the angle of internal friction, τv is the shear strength in the vertical direction, τh is the shear strength in the horizontal direction, and σ is the normal stress.
Assuming that the normal stress is the same in both directions, we can rearrange the formula to get:
τv/τh = tan φ + 1
To find the angle of internal friction, we can use the average of the two apparent shear stresses:
φ = (1/2) × arctan((τ1/2 + τ2/2)/σ) = (1/2) × arctan((534.45 + 333.33)/σ)
Assuming a normal stress of 100 kPa, we get:
φ = (1/2) × arctan(867.78/100) = 21.16°
Substituting this value into the formula for the ratio of shear strength, we get:
τv/τh = tan(21.16°) + 1 = 1.41
Therefore, 1.41 the ratio of shear strength of the clay in vertical direction to that in horizontal direction.
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Consider the following two-dimensional velocity field V = (u,v)
u = 3x+c1y
v= x + c2y
Where c1 and c2 are coffients.
Required:
a. Determine all stagnation points.
b. Determine the coefficients C1, C2 such that the flow is a potential flow.
c. For the values of the coefficients calculated at point (b), determine the expression of the stream function.
d. For the values of the coefficients calculated at point (b), considering a temperature field T = 2x + 3y, determine the value of (v.v)T at the point (x,y) = (1,2)
Answer:
a) C1 = 3C2
b) C1 = 1 , C2 = -3
c) \(w = \frac{-x^2}{2} + \frac{y^2}{2} + 3xy + C\)
d) (v.v)T = 0
Explanation:
u = 3x + C1y
v = x + C2y
A) determining all stagnation points
At The stagnation points : u = 0, v = 0
for all values of C1 and C2 , C1 = 3C2
B) The coefficients of C1 and C2 so that the flow is potential
C1 = 1 , C2 = -3
C) Determine the expression of the stream function
\(w = \frac{-x^2}{2} +\frac{y^2}{2} +3xy+ C\)
D) The value of (v.v)T at the point (x,y) = (1,2)
(v.v)T = 0
Attached is the detailed solution
Can you label the steps of energy production at a coal-fired power plant? Moving clockwise, label the steps of energy production in this diagram of a coal-fired power plant.
1. Coal is burned in the furnace
2. Heat from combustion boils water
3. Steam turns the turbine
4. Magnets are moved past copper coils to generate current
5. Steam is cooled and condensed
6. Air pollutants are filtered out
7. Toxic ash is taken to a hazardous waste disposal site
Label the steps involved in producing energy in this illustration of a coal-fired power plant in a clockwise direction.
1). Firstly, the furnace burns coal.
2). Heat from burning causes water to boil.
3). Steam drives the turbine.
4). In order to produce current, magnets are moved past copper coils.
5). Condensed steam is cooled.
6). Filters are used to remove air contaminants.
7). Toxic ash is transported to a disposal facility for hazardous waste.
Energy is the ability to conduct work in physics. It may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other forms. Additionally, there is heat and work, which is energy moving from one body to another. Energy is always identified in accordance with its nature once it has been transferred. Therefore, the heat transported may manifest as thermal energy while work performed may result in mechanical energy.
Motion is a property of all energies. Anybody in motion, for instance, possesses kinetic energy. Even while at rest, a tensioned object like a spring or bow has the capacity to move; this is because of the way it is built.
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A circular hoop sits in a stream of water, oriented perpendicular to the current. If the area of the hoop is doubled, the flux (volume of water per unit time) through it:___________
Answer:
The flux (volume of water per unit time) through the hoop will also double.
Explanation:
The flux = volume of water per unit time = flow rate of water through the hoop.
The Flow rate of water through the hoop is proportional to the area of the hoop, and the velocity of the water through the hoop.
This means that
Flow rate = AV
where A is the area of the hoop
V is the velocity of the water through the hoop
This flow rate = volume of water per unit time = Δv/Δt =Q
From all the above statements, we can say
Q = AV
From the equation, if we double the area, and the velocity of the stream of water through the hoop does not change, then, the volume of water per unit time will also double or we can say increases by a factor of 2
Q-) please give me a reference about Tack coat? Pleae i need it please??!!
Answer:
Tack coat is a sprayed application of an asphalt binder upon an existing asphalt or Portland cement concrete pavement prior to an overlay, or between layers of new asphalt concrete.
Explanation:
The IRT has a vital responsibility in gathering forensic evidence, which is defined as collecting and preserving the information that can be used to reconstruct events.
a. True
b. False
Steven is starting a project that requires a specialized, experienced contractor. Which selection process is the most suitable for Steven's needs?
A. low-bid selection
B. qualification-based selection
C. best-value selection
D. private selection
Answer:
Option B, qualification-based selection
Explanation:
Whenever bidding is done for seeking professional services, selection of contractor should be done using qualifications-based selection.
While seeking professional service, focus is on selecting the best quality and value matter, hence the contracting agency with best experience and skill for the job is selected.
Consider the flow of mercury (a liquid metal) in a tube. How will the hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths compare if the flow is laminar
Answer:
Explanation:
Considering the flow of mercury in a tube:
When it comes to laminar flow of mercury, the thermal entry length is quite smaller than the hydrodynamic entry length.
Also, the hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths which is given as DLhRe05.0= for the case of laminar flow. It should be noted however, that Pr << 1 for liquid metals, and thus making the thermal entry length is smaller than the hydrodynamic entry length in laminar flow, like I'd stated in the previous paragraph
A 1.2 newton block is dropped A 1.2 Newton block is dropped downward from a tall cliff. What is the magnitude and direction
of the force of air friction on the block when it reaches its terminal velocity?
1.2 newtons upward
1.2 newtons downward
0.12 newtons upward
0.12 newtons downward
Answer:
1.2 Newtons upwards
Explanation:
because the friction is opposite of the magnitude.
Water is pumped steadily through a 0.10-m diameter pipe from one closed pressurized tank to another tank. The pump adds 4.0 kW of energy to the water and the head loss of the flow is 10 m. Determine the velocity of the water leaving the pump and discharging into tank B.
Complete Question
Complete Question is attached below.
Answer:
\(V'=5m/s\)
Explanation:
From the question we are told that:
Diameter \(d=0.10m\)
Power \(P=4.0kW\)
Head loss \(\mu=10m\)
\(\frac{P_1}{\rho g}+\frac{V_1^2}{2g}+Z_1+H_m=\frac{P_2}{\rho g}+\frac{V_2^2}{2g}+Z_2+\mu\)
\(\frac{300*10^3}{\rho g}+35+Hm=\frac{500*10^3}{\rho g}+15+10\)
\(H_m=(\frac{200*10^3}{1000*9.8}-10)\)
\(H_m=10.39m\)
Generally the equation for Power is mathematically given by
\(P=\rho gQH_m\)
Therefore
\(Q=\frac{P}{\rho g H_m}\)
\(Q=\frac{4*10^4}{1000*9.81*10.9}\)
\(Q=0.03935m^3/sec\)
Since
\(Q=AV'\)
Where
\(A=\pi r^2\\A=3.142 (0.05)^2\)
\(A=7.85*10^{-3}\)
Therefore
\(V'=\frac{0.03935m^3/sec}{7.85*10^{-3}}\)
\(V'=5m/s\)
A reversible refrigerator operates between a low temperature reservoir at TL and a high temperature reservoir at TH . Its coefficient of performance is given by
Answer
TL/TH- TL
Because we know that power coefficient is. = QL/QH-QL
=so using this for performance we have
=>Perf= TL/(TH-TL)
If you are designing a space heater to warm a room and are required by safety codes to keep its surface temperature below 350 K (170 F or 77 C), the only variable you have to work with is the surface area, and you want to minimize that to make it convenient and inexpensive. Neglecting convection entirely, and assuming all the heat is transferred as infrared light, suppose it is to radiate 1200 W. How much area would it have
Answer:
A = 1.41 m²
Explanation:
The ara can be found out by using Stefan Boltzman Law:
\(P = \sigma AT^4\)
where,
A = Area = ?
P = Radiation Power = 1200 W
σ = Stefan Boltzman Constant = 5.6703 x 10⁻⁸ W/m².k⁴
T = surface temperature = 350 k
Therefore:
\(1200\ W = (5.6703\ x\ 10^{-8}W/m^2.k^4)(A)(350\ k)^4\\\\A = \frac{1200\ W}{850.9\ W/m^2}\)
A = 1.41 m²
Explain two ways that anthropometric data could be useful when designing a tennis racket.
Answer:
I hope it helps :)
Explanation:
It is useful to measure Height and Arm Span in tennis players. Body fat can be measured using the skinfold method. If this is not available, monitoring body weight changes would give an indication of body fat changes, assuming no
A one-dimensional plane wall is exposed to convective and radiative conditions at x = 0. The
ambient and surrounding temperatures are I. = 20°C and Isur = 40°C, respectively. The
convection heat transfer coefficient is h = 20 W/m?K, and the absorptivity of the exposed
surface is a = 0.78. Determine the convective and radiative heat fluxes to wall at x = 0 if the wall
surface temperature is Is = 24°C. Assume the exposed wall surface is gray, and the surroundings are large.
The convective heat flux is 80 W/m², demonstrating heat exchange due to convection, whereas the radiative heat flux is around -0.111 W/m², showing heat misfortune through radiation.
How to determine the convective and radiative heat fluxes to the wall at x = 0To decide the convective and radiative heat fluxes to the divider at x = 0, able to utilize the following equations:
Convective heat flux (qconv) = h * (Ts - Ta)
Radiative heat flux (qrad) = ε * σ * (Ts^4 - Tsurr^4)
Given the values given:
Surrounding temperature (Ta) = 20°C
Encompassing temperature (Tsurr) = 40°C
Convection warm exchange coefficient (h) = 20 W/m²K
Absorptivity of the uncovered surface (a) = 0.78
Surface temperature (Ts) = 24°C
Stefan-Boltzmann steady (σ) = 5.67 × 10^-8 W/m²K^4
Substituting these values into the equations, we will calculate the convective and radiative heat fluxes:
qconv = 20 * (24 - 20) = 80 W/m²
qrad = 0.78 * 5.67 × 10^-8 * (24^4 - 40^4) = -0.78 * 5.67 × 10^-8 * 3973056 = -0.111 W/m² (accepting positive internal flux)
In this manner, the convective heat flux to the divider at x = is 80 W/m², and the radiative heat flux is around -0.111 W/m². Note that the negative sign demonstrates heat misfortune through radiation.
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You are getting ready to transport troops in an M1152 configured with cargo cover and troops seats. Which of the following should you do before starting out?
Answer:
I believe it would be to lower the troop seats.
Explanation:
Rt = R1 + R2 + R3
\( \frac{1}{rt} = \frac{1}{r1} + \frac{1}{r2} + \frac{1}{r3} \)
If R1 = 4Ω , R2 = 6Ω and R3 = 8Ω (Ω= ohm)
Calculate: 4.1.1 Rt (series)
4.1.2 Rt (parallel)
Answer:
In series:
\( \frac{1}{r} = \frac{1}{r_{1} } + \frac{1}{r _{2} } + \frac{1}{r_{3} } \)
\( \frac{1}{r} = \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{8} \\ \\ \frac{1}{r} = \frac{13}{24} \\ \\ r = \frac{24}{13} \\ { \underline{r = 1.85 \: Ω}}\)
In parallel:
\(r = r _{1} + r _{2} + r _{3} \\ r = 4 + 6 + 8 \\ r = 18Ω\)
due at 11:59pm please help
Which of the items shown in the photo were developed using engineering design processes to develop a solution to a problem?
A. computer
B. coffee cup
C. table
D. pen
An engineer proposes that a newly developed chemical could be sprayed from aircraft to slow the rate of burning in a forest fire. What is the next step the engineer is likely to take to develop a solution to fighting forest fires?
A. test a number of similar chemicals
B. spray and compare the effectiveness of each tested chemical to water.
C. add the chemical to all aircraft spray tanks.
D. design a spray system for the chemical.
Draw the megnetization current or circut of generatpr characterstistics and explian the shape
A closed system is heated from a temperature T1 to T2, followed two diffferent process paths: Process A (Change from state 1 to 2a) and Process B (Change from state 1 to 2b). Which of the followings can be concluded from these two processes? 2a P Process A 2b 1 Process B T2 T V Process 1-2a is isobaric and Process 1-2b is isometric Boundary work: WA > WB AUA = AUB, if the content of the system is ideal gas None of the above
A closed system is heated from a temperature T1 to T2, followed two different process paths: Process A (Change from state 1 to 2a) and Process B (Change from state 1 to 2b) - None of the above. Therefore the correct option is option D.
A closed system is a system in which no matter can enter or leave, but energy can. The energy can be exchanged in the form of work or heat between the closed system and its surroundings. For a closed system, the amount of mass inside the boundary is constant, which means that the total mass is conserved.
An ideal gas is a gas that obeys the ideal gas law. The ideal gas law is a mathematical equation that relates the pressure, volume, temperature, and number of molecules of an ideal gas together.
Isobaric: It is a thermodynamic process that takes place at a constant pressure, which means that the pressure of the system is kept constant during the entire process. It is written as: ∆E = q - P∆V.
Isometric: It is a thermodynamic process that takes place at a constant volume, which means that the volume of the system is kept constant during the entire process. It is written as: ∆E = q. Therefore the correct option is option D.
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A closed system is heated from a temperature T1 to T2, followed two diffferent process paths: Process A (Change from state 1 to 2a) and Process B (Change from state 1 to 2b). Which of the followings can be concluded from these two processes?
Process 1-2a is isobaric and Process 1-2b is isometric Boundary work: WA > WB AUA = AUB, if the content of the system is ideal gas None of the abovedetermine the application of star connected network
Answer:
fijixuc uckyc7fmtjjr hcumffjmfumfnng
Answer:
a method of connecting polyphrase circuits in which one end of each phase line is connected to a common neutral point that may be connected to the earth as protection against lightning or to a wire to which all the other neutral points of the system are connected
Explanation:
An existing equal-tangent sag vertical curve is designed for 60 mi/hr. The initial grade is -3.0% and the elevation of the PVT is 754 ft. The PVC is at station 134 16 and the PVI is at 137 32. An overpass is being constructed directly above the PVI. The highway is for cars only and the overpass design assumes a driver eye height of 5 ft. What is the lowest possible elevation of the bottom of the overpass to ensure sufficient stopping sight distance at 60 mi/hr
The question asks for the lowest possible elevation of the bottom of the overpass to ensure sufficient stopping sight distance at 60 mi/hr. Stopping sight distance is the distance required for a driver to bring their vehicle to a complete stop in an emergency.
To determine the stopping sight distance, we can use the following formula:
Stopping Sight Distance = Perception Distance + Reaction Distance + Braking Distance
Perception distance can be calculated as follows:
Perception Distance = 1.47 (t + 1.5V)
where t is the perception-reaction time (1.5 seconds) and V is the design speed (60 mi/hr).
Perception Distance = 1.47 (1.5 + 1.5 x 60) = 220.5 ft
Reaction distance can be calculated as follows:
Reaction Distance = V x t
Reaction Distance = 60 x 1.5 = 90 ft
Braking distance can be calculated as follows:
Braking Distance = (V² / 30f) + (V/2g)(a + f)
where f is the coefficient of friction between the tires and the road surface, g is the acceleration due to gravity (32.2 ft/s²), and a is the grade.
Since the initial grade is -3.0%, we can assume that the entire vertical curve has a grade of -3.0%. Therefore, a = -3.0%.
The coefficient of friction depends on several factors such as the condition of the road surface, the weather conditions, and the type of tires. A typical value for the coefficient of friction for dry pavement is 0.7.
Braking Distance = (60² / (30 x 0.7)) + (60/2 x 32.2)(-0.03 + 0.7)
Braking Distance = 410.96 + 180.18 = 591.14 ft
Therefore, the stopping sight distance is:
Stopping Sight Distance = Perception Distance + Reaction Distance + Braking Distance
Stopping Sight Distance = 220.5 + 90 + 591.14 = 901.64 ft
To ensure sufficient stopping sight distance, the driver must be able to see at least 901.64 ft ahead of their vehicle. This means that the lowest possible elevation of the bottom of the overpass should be such that the vertical distance from the driver's eye height (5 ft) to the overpass is greater than or equal to 901.64 ft.
Let h be the height of the overpass above the PVI. Then the vertical distance from the driver's eye height to the overpass is h - 5 ft.
h - 5 ft ≥ 901.64 ft
h ≥ 906.64 ft
Therefore, the lowest possible elevation of the bottom of the overpass should be 906.64 ft above the PVI.
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A single area consists of two generating units, rated at 400 and 800 MVA, with speed regulation of 4 percent and 5 percent on their respective ratings. The units are operating in parallel, sharing 700 MW. Unit one supplies 200 MW and unit 2 supplies 500 MW at 1. 0 per unit (60 Hz) frequency. The load is increased by 130 MW. Assume there is no frequency-dependent load. Find the steady-state frequency deviation and the new generation on each unit.
Look at the Picture.
Frequency deviation = (830 MW - 830 MW) / (2π60*5 s)
B1) 20 pts. The thickness of each of the two sheets to be resistance spot welded is 3.5 mm. It is desired to form a weld nugget that is 5.5 mm in diameter and 5.0 mm thick after 0.3 sec welding time. The unit melting energy for a certain sheet metal is 9.5 J/mm3 . The electrical resistance between the surfaces is 140 micro ohms, and only one third of the electrical energy generated will be used to form the weld nugget (the rest being dissipated), determine the minimum current level required.
Answer:
minimum current level required = 8975.95 amperes
Explanation:
Given data:
diameter = 5.5 mm
length = 5.0 mm
T = 0.3
unit melting energy = 9.5 j/mm^3
electrical resistance = 140 micro ohms
thickness of each of the two sheets = 3.5mm
Determine the minimum current level required
first we calculate the volume of the weld nugget
v = \(\frac{\pi }{4} * D^2 * l\) = \(\frac{\pi }{4} * 5.5^2 * 5\) = 118.73 mm^3
next calculate the required melting energy
= volume of weld nugget * unit melting energy
= 118.73 * 9.5 = 1127.94 joules
next find the actual required electric energy
= required melting energy / efficiency
= 1127 .94 / ( 1/3 ) = 3383.84 J
TO DETERMINE THE CURRENT LEVEL REQUIRED use the relation below
electrical energy = I^2 * R * T
3383.84 / R*T = I^2
3383.84 / (( 140 * 10^-6 ) * 0.3 ) = I^2
therefore 8975.95 = I ( current )
Calculate the relative pipe roughness for a plastic pipe with absolute roughness 0.0025 mm and internal diameter of pipe is 0.157 inches.
Answer:
6.27 × 10⁻⁴
Explanation:
Relative roughness, k = ε/D where ε = absolute roughness = 0.0025 mm and D = internal pipe diameter = 0.157 in = 0.157 × 25.4 mm = 3.9878 mm
So, k = ε/D
= 0.0025 mm/3.9878 mm
= 6.27 × 10⁻⁴
The relative pipe roughness for a plastic pipe will be:
"6.27 × 10⁻⁴".
Relative roughness of pipeAccording to the question,
Absolute roughness, ε = 0.0025 mm
Internal pipe diameter, D = 0.157 in or,
= 0.157 × 25.4 mm
= 3.9878 mm
We know that,
The relative roughness be:
→ k = \(\frac{Absolute \ roughness}{Diameter}\)
or,
k = \(\frac{\varepsilon }{D}\)
By substituting the above values,
= \(\frac{0.0025}{3.9878}\)
= 6.27 × 10⁻⁴
Thus the above approach is correct.
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please help with my economics problem
Answer:
You first get a new job, and make a new company and then by amazon to traumatize Jeff Bezos after his divorce
Explanation:
A specimen of steel 100mm diameter with a guage length of 100mm tested a distruction it has an extension of 0.50mm under a load of 70KN and the load at elastic limit is 10KN the maximum load is 140KN the total extension of fracture is 58mm and the diameter at the neck is 16mm . find the Stress of elastic limit, young modulus, percentage enlogation, percentage reduction in area , and ultimate tensile stress?
The stress at elastic limit is 1.27 N/mm^2, the Young's modulus is 254 N/mm^2, the percentage elongation is 57.5%, the percentage reduction in area is 97.44%, and the ultimate tensile stress is 696.67 N/mm^2.
How to calculate the valuesStress = Force / Area
Young's modulus = Stress / Strain
Percentage elongation = (extension / gauge length) x 100%
Percentage reduction in area = [(original area - area at neck) / original area] x 100%
Ultimate tensile stress = Maximum load / Area
Diameter of specimen = 100 mm
Gauge length = 100 mm
Extension at 70 KN load = 0.50 mm
Load at elastic limit = 10 KN
Maximum load = 140 KN
Total extension at fracture = 58 mm
Diameter at neck = 16 mm
We can calculate the area of the specimen as follows:
Area = π/4 x d^2
Area = π/4 x (100 mm)^2
Area = 7853.98 mm^2
The stress at elastic limit can be calculated as:
Stress = Load / Area
Stress = 10 KN / 7853.98 mm^2
Stress = 1.27 N/mm^2
The Young's modulus can be calculated as:
Strain = Extension / Gauge length
Strain = 0.50 mm / 100 mm
Strain = 0.005
Stress = Load / Area
Load = Stress x Area
Load = 1.27 N/mm^2 x 7853.98 mm^2
Load = 9982.16 N
Young's modulus = Stress / Strain
Young's modulus = 1.27 N/mm^2 / 0.005
Young's modulus = 254 N/mm^2
The percentage elongation can be calculated as:
Percentage elongation = (extension / gauge length) x 100%
Percentage elongation = (58 mm - 0.50 mm) / 100 mm x 100%
Percentage elongation = 57.5%
The percentage reduction in area can be calculated as:
Original area = π/4 x (100 mm)^2 = 7853.98 mm^2
Area at neck = π/4 x (16 mm)^2 = 201.06 mm^2
Percentage reduction in area = [(original area - area at neck) / original area] x 100%
Percentage reduction in area = [(7853.98 mm^2 - 201.06 mm^2) / 7853.98 mm^2] x 100%
Percentage reduction in area = 97.44%
The ultimate tensile stress can be calculated as:
Area at neck = π/4 x (16 mm)^2 = 201.06 mm^2
Ultimate tensile stress = Maximum load / Area
Ultimate tensile stress = 140 KN / 201.06 mm^2
Ultimate tensile stress = 696.67 N/mm^2
Therefore, the stress at elastic limit is 1.27 N/mm^2, the Young's modulus is 254 N/mm^2, the percentage elongation is 57.5%, the percentage reduction in area is 97.44%, and the ultimate tensile stress is 696.67 N/mm^2.
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