A continuous-time signal
x(t) is given by x(t) = (t^2 , −1 ≤ t ≤ 3 0, otherwise
(a) Plot the signal x(t) for −2 ≤ t ≤ 2.
(b) Let x[n] be the sampled version of x(t) where x[n] = x(nTs) with a sampling period of Ts = 0.4 s. Plot x[n] for −4 ≤ n ≤ 4.
Answers
The samples of x(t) to be plotted are,x[-4] = 16 x[-3] = 9.6 x[-2] = 4.8 x[-1] = 1.6 x[0] = 0 x[1] = 0.16 x[2] = 1.6 x[3] = 4.8 x[4] = 9.6x[n] vs n can be plotted.
a) Plot the signal x(t) for −2 ≤ t ≤ 2.The signal given in the problem statement is,x(t) = (t^2, −1 ≤ t ≤ 3 0, otherwiseThe given signal is non-zero between -1 and 3. Beyond this range, the signal is 0. Therefore, the plot of the signal will look like,The required plot of the signal x(t) for -2 ≤ t ≤ 2 is shown below.b) Let x[n] be the sampled version of x(t) where x[n] = x(nTs) with a sampling period of Ts = 0.4 s. Plot x[n] for −4 ≤ n ≤ 4.The continuous time signal x(t) is to be sampled with a sampling period of Ts = 0.4s. Therefore, the sampling frequency will be Fs = 1/Ts = 2.5 Hz. The maximum frequency component in x(t) is 6 Hz. Therefore, the sampling frequency is greater than the Nyquist rate, which is 12 Hz. Hence, the sampled signal will be free from aliasing.The samples of x(t) can be obtained as follows:x[n] = x(nTs) = n^2Ts^2, -1 ≤ n ≤ 7We need to plot x[n] for -4 ≤ n ≤ 4. Therefore, the samples of x(t) to be plotted are,x[-4] = 16 x[-3] = 9.6 x[-2] = 4.8 x[-1] = 1.6 x[0] = 0 x[1] = 0.16 x[2] = 1.6 x[3] = 4.8 x[4] = 9.6x[n] vs n can be plotted as follows, The required plot of the sampled signal x[n] for -4 ≤ n ≤ 4 is shown below.
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Related Questions
Separating equilibria can be sub-optimal because
a.everyone would be better off if there were no signals but if one agent signals then everyone has to.
b.signals can be too costly.
c.signals lack credibility.
d.humans are inherently conformist.
Answers
The statement "Separating equilibria can be sub-optimal because everyone would be better off if there were no signals but if one agent signals then everyone has to" is a valid reason.
This refers to a situation where individuals would prefer not to send any signals, but due to strategic considerations, if one person starts signaling, others are compelled to do so as well, even though it may not be in their best interest.
The other options listed are not directly related to the sub-optimality of separating equilibria:
b. Signals can be too costly: This refers to the cost associated with sending signals, which may affect the decision-making process, but it doesn't directly address the sub-optimality of separating equilibria.
c. Signals lack credibility: This refers to the issue of whether signals can be trusted or relied upon, but it doesn't directly relate to the sub-optimality of separating equilibria.
d. Humans are inherently conformist: This refers to the tendency of individuals to conform to social network or follow the behavior of others, but it doesn't specifically address the sub-optimality of separating equilibria.
Therefore, the correct answer is option a. everyone would be better off if there were no signals but if one agent signals then everyone has to.
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Which device can connect many computers and sends packets out every port?
Answers
A device that can connect many computers and sends packets out of every port is known as Hub.
What is the name of a device that usually connects many computers?The name of the device that usually connects many computers is known as a hub. It typically connects multiple computer networking devices together. It also acts as a repeater in that it amplifies signals that worsen after traveling long distances over connecting cables.
According to the context of this question, a hub usually connects multiple computers together in a Local Area Network (LAN). All types of information are generally processed or sent to the hub is then sent through each port to every device in the network. It is noted that all types of devices are definitely connected to a network hub and share all available bandwidth equally.
Therefore, a device that can connect many computers and sends packets out of every port is known as Hub.
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When required to drill holes on a roof that has no power supply the best drill for the job would be__________.
Answers
When required to drill holes on a roof that has no power supply the best drill for the job would be a cordless drill.
What is power supply?It should be noted that a power supply is an electrical device which supplies electric power to an electrical load.
In this case, the main purpose of a power supply is simply to be able to convert electric current from the source to the correct current, and frequency.
In this case, the power supply unit converts the main AC to a low-voltage regulated DC power. Therefore, When required to drill holes on a roof that has no power supply the best drill for the job would be a cordless drill.
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Several applications are listed below. Determine the relative importance of the resilience and toughness of the materials chosen for each application. Sort the items based on whether resilience is most important, toughness is most important, or both are equally important.
a. a non-critical spring that is used repeatedly
b. a high tension music wire
c. a one use safety device that absorbs impact energy
d. a burst panel designed to rupture at
e. a certain pressure
d. a structural member in a building
Answers
Answer:
they are important together, but if you want to use just one future you must think about which one is first needed. and then try to learn for economical so don't use more money
Recall the steps of the engineering design process. Compare and contrast the
similarities and differences between the stages of the web design process and the
engineering design process.
Answers
While both methods entail problem-solving, testing, and iteration, the engineering design process frequently places a greater focus on data analysis and the development of comprehensive technical specifications.
What disinguishes the engineering design process from the design process?In order to address challenges, engineering teams follow a set of procedures known as the engineering design process. The design process is iterative, which means that we go over the processes as many times as necessary to find the best solution. As we go, we learn from our mistakes and discover new design options.
What are the various stages and processes in system design explained?Developing stakeholder expectations, technical requirements, logical decompositions, and design solutions are the four steps involved in system design.
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The figure below appeared three heat treatments processes of steel (A, B and C),
select only One and answer the following:
1- Named the heat treatment process.
2- The temperature range of heating process.
3- The cooling process method.
4- The aims of process.
Answers
Answer:
b
Explanation:
two technicians are describing how an air-conditioning system gets rid of the heat. Technician A says that heat always flows from the hotter to the colder object. Technician B says that as refrigerant evaporates, it absorbs heat as it changes from a liquid to a gas. which technician is correct?
Answers
Based on the information provided by these technicians, both of them are correct.
How does heat flow?According to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), heat in an air-conditioning system generally flows from the hotter object to the colder object.
As the refrigerant evaporates in a small radiator-type unit (evaporator), it absorbs heat as it changes phase from liquid to gas. Also, as the heat is being absorbed by the refrigerant, the small radiator-type unit (evaporator) becomes cold.
In conclusion, we can logically deduce that both of them are correct.
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Cludadwy Chairs sells a patented seat that spectators can take to youth soccer games. The seat folds so it is small enough to fit in the glove box of most vehicles. The company operates a factory in Kansas and also contracts its manufacturing projects to small firms in Canada and Mexico.
An unusual problem has occurred for this small multinational company: People are getting confused about dates in internal memos, purchase orders, and email. When the company’s database was originally designed, the designer was not aware that the format for dates in Canada and Mexico was different from the format used in the United States. For example, in Canada and Mexico, the notation 7/1/19 indicates January 7, 2019, whereas in the United States the same notation indicates July 1, 2019. Although it seems like a small point, the date confusion has resulted in several order cancellations.
Cludadwy Chairs has asked for your advice. You could suggest writing a simple program to convert the dates automatically or design a switchboard command that would allow users to select a date format as data is entered. You realize, however, that Cludadwy Chairs might want to do business in other countries in the future. What would be the best course of action? Should the company adapt to the standard of each country, or should it maintain a single international format? What are the arguments for each option?
Answers
To avoid misunderstandings, errors, and to show respect for linguistic and cultural diversity, Cludadwy Chairs should adjust to the common date format of each nation in which it conducts business.
How do I change the date format in Excel on Windows 10 from mm DD YYYY to DD mm YYYY?To see the Format Cells dialogue, press Ctrl+1. Alternately, you can use the context menu when you right-click the selected cells and select Format Cells... The Number tab should be selected in the Format Cells window.
How can I modify a CSV file's date format?Press CTRL+1, Command+1, Control+1, or Control+1 on a Mac (if you are using Windows). There will be a Format Cells popup. Choose Number in the main tab (if it is not already selected),
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Calculate the tensile modulus of elasticity for a laminated composite consisting of 62 percent by volume of unidirectional carbon fibers and an epoxy matrix under isostress conditions. The tensile modulus of elasticity of the carbon fibers is 340 GPa and that of the epoxy is 4.50 103 MPa.
Answers
Answer:
4.30 gp
Explanation:
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how to fill osprey hydraulics lt
Answers
To refill the reservoir:
Disengage the Slide-Seal™ mechanism and unfurl the PourShield™, allowing it to fulfill its purpose.Gently compress the PourShield™ with one hand, generating a broad aperture, while maintaining stability by grasping the carry handle with your other hand.Reinstate the Slide-Seal™ to its rightful position and invert the reservoir, diligently inspecting for any insidious leaks. Moreover, expel surplus air to curtail superfluous agitation within the reservoir.What are hydraulics?Hydraulics, a mechanical function that operates through liquid pressure. Within the realm of hydraulics-driven systems, the captivating dance of mechanical motion unfolds, intricately woven by the sheer might of encapsulated, propelled fluid.
It is this symphony of forces that breathes vitality into machinery, propelling the very essence of motion through the graceful interplay of hydraulic cylinders, orchestrating the eloquent journey of pistons.
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provides steady-state operating data for a solar power plant that operates on a Rankine cycle with Refrigerant 134a as its working fluid. The turbine and pump operate adiabatically. The rate of energy input to the collectors from solar radiation is 0.3 kW per m2 of collector surface area, with 60% of the solar input to the collectors absorbed by the refrigerant as it passes through the collectors. Determine the solar collector surface area, in m2 per kW of power developed by the plant. Discuss possible operational improvements that could reduce the required collector surface area
Answers
Answer:
hello some parts of your question is missing attached below is the missing part ( the required fig and table )
answer : The solar collector surface area = 7133 m^2
Explanation:
Given data :
Rate of energy input to the collectors from solar radiation = 0.3 kW/m^2
percentage of solar power absorbed by refrigerant = 60%
Determine the solar collector surface area
The solar collector surface area = 7133 m^2
attached below is a detailed solution of the problem
For the following problem, use R to find your answers. Show me the R code you used in your answer. Load the built-in data set "mtcars" and look at the help documentation. Use OLS to investigate the relationship between 1/4 mile time and the vehicle's number of cylinders, gross horsepower, real axle ratio, weight, and number of carburetors. Discuss your results. Plot the residuals and test for the presence of autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity. Also, perform a variance inflation test to look for multicollinearity among your independent variables.
Answers
Using R, the built-in dataset "mtcars" can be loaded, and OLS regression can be performed to investigate the relationship between 1/4 mile time and the vehicle's number of cylinders, gross horsepower, rear axle ratio, weight, and number of carburetors. Residuals can be plotted to assess the presence of autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity, and a variance inflation test can be conducted to check for multicollinearity among the independent variables.
What are the results of the OLS regression analysis, residual plot analysis, autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity tests, and the variance inflation test for the relationship between 1/4 mile time and the vehicle's characteristics?To perform the analysis, the "mtcars" dataset in R can be loaded using the command `data(mtcars)`. The OLS regression can be conducted using the `lm()` function with the dependent variable "1/4 mile time" and the independent variables "number of cylinders," "gross horsepower," "rear axle ratio," "weight," and "number of carburetors." The results of the regression analysis, including coefficients, p-values, and model fit statistics, can be obtained.
Next, the residuals of the regression model can be plotted using the `plot()` function to visually assess the presence of autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity. Additional statistical tests, such as the Durbin-Watson test for autocorrelation and the Breusch-Pagan test for heteroskedasticity, can be performed to quantitatively evaluate these issues.
Furthermore, the variance inflation factor (VIF) can be calculated for each independent variable to identify potential multicollinearity. The `vif()` function from the "car" package in R can be used to compute the VIF values. Higher VIF values indicate a stronger correlation between independent variables.
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what is the predicate ___ for the following query and its result? ?- ____(f(a,b),f,a). a = 2 f = f
Answers
The query's 'f/3' predicate determines the outcome, which is dependent on the specific information and guidelines laid down in the Prologue knowledge base.
The outcome will be 'true' if the query matches a rule or fact in the Prologue knowledge base.
However, it is impossible to deliver the precise outcome without access to the particular Prologue knowledge base or rules.
'?- f(a,b), f(a).' calls the predicate 'f/3' with the arguments 'f(a,b)', 'f', and 'a'. Whether there is a rule or fact that meets these arguments and evaluates to "true" in the Prologue knowledge base will determine the outcome.
Thus, this is the predicate for the given query.
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An oil well is producing 30°API oil was tested along three days at a rate of 214 STB/day and the stabilized wellbore flowing pressure is measured as 3712 psia. Since the well is recently opened to production, water cut is negligible. The average reservoir pressure is 4350 psia and the IPR exponent is 0.82. The current IPR may be written as 0.82 P Pwf %o=6231- PR Additional data is given below Wellhead flowing pressure 400 psia Tubing length 10,000 ft 3.5 in. Nominal Tubing size (2.75 in. internal) GOR (since no water 600 SCF/STB production GLR=GOR) Wellhead temperature 100°F Bottomhole temperature 240°F Gas specific gravity 0.68 Water specific gravity 1.05 Mol fr. N₂ 0.004 Mol fr. CO2 0.011 Bw 1.2 Bbl/STB Using Poettman and Carpenter method to find the tubing intake pressure at 10,000 ft and fill out the following table, plot IPR and TPR on the same graph and find the point of natural flow (q.) and corresponding flowing bottomhole pressure (Pwt). IPR P&C TPR qo Pwf 4350 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 qo 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 Pintake
Answers
The given data is provided in the table below: Parameters Values Oil gravity, °API30 Stabilized flowing pressure, psia3712 Wellhead flowing pressure, psia400 Length of Tubing, ft10000 Nominal tubing size, in3.5 Inside diameter of tubing, in2.75 Gas specific gravity0.68 Water specific gravity1.05 Mol
Mol Fr. of CO2 in gas0.011 Bubble point pressure, psia2144 Solution gas ratio, scf/STB600 IPR exponent0.82 Bw, bbl/STB1.2 First, calculate the reservoir flow rate from the given production rate using the Vogel's equation:
The point of natural flow (q) and corresponding flowing bottom hole pressure (Pwf) can be determined from the intersection of IPR curve and TPR curve.
It can be observed that the intersection occurs at a flowing bottom hole pressure of around 4,130 psia and a liquid flow rate of around 156 STB/day. Therefore, the point of natural flow is at a flowing bottom hole pressure of 4,130 psia and a liquid flow rate of 156 STB/day.
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The ground temperature a few meters below the surface is fairly constant throughout the year and is near the average value of the air temperature. In areas in which the air temperature drops very low in the winter, the exterior unit of a heat pump designed for heating is sometimes buried underground in order to use the earth as a thermal reservoir.Why is it worthwhile to bury the heat exchanger, even if the underground unit costs more to purchase and install than one above ground?
Answers
Since the Earth contains a constant temperature range heat exchangers can be built underground without other added expenses yes they are expensive to put underground but the pay off is greater long term wise since the heat rises it can be said you could put a heatpump in a small area and it can over time increase the relative heat in that area of effect.
hope this helps look into, heat displacement thru underground heating to get a clearer picture
Commutation is the process of converting the ac voltages and currents in the rotor of a dc machine to dc voltages and currents at its terminals. True False
Answers
Answer:
false
Explanation:
the changing of a prisoner sentence or another penalty to another less severe
G A wheel-tractor scraper is operating on a level grade. Assume no power derating is required for equipment condition, altitude, temperature, and so on. Disregarding traction limitations, what is the maximum value of rolling resistance (in pounds per ton) over which a loaded scraper can maintain a speed of 11 mph
Answers
The maximum value of rolling resistance over which a loaded scraper can maintain in a speed of 11 mph is 275 lb/ton
What is a maximum rolling resistance?The maximum rolling resistance is the maximum rolling friction that can cause the motion of a body or a substance to resist the force when rolled on a flat surface.
Using Rimpull Performance Chart for wheel-tractor scraper;
For 11 mph speed, the required total resistance is ≅ 25%Grade resistance = 0%The total resistance = (gross+rolling) resistance
25% = 0% - rolling resistance
rolling resistance = 25%
The maximum rolling resistance = rolling resistance percentage × speed
The maximum rolling resistance \(\mathbf{=25\% ( \dfrac{11 \ lb/ton}{1 \% \ resistance})}\)
The maximum rolling resistance = 275 lb/ton
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A thin‐walled tube with a diameter of 12 mm and length of 25 m is used to carry exhaust gas from a smoke stack to the laboratory in a nearby building for analysis. The gas enters the tube at 200°C and with a mass flow rate of 0.006 kg/s. Autumn winds at a temperature of 15°C blow directly across the tube at a velocity of 2.5 m/s. Assume the thermophysical properties of the exhaust gas are those of air
Estimate the average heat transfer coefficient for the exhaust gas flowing inside the tube.
Answers
Answer:
The average heat transfer coefficient for the exhaust gas flowing inside the tube, h = 204.41 W/m^2 - K
Explanation:
The detailed solution is attached as files below.
However, the steps followed are highlighted:
1) The average temperature was calculated as 380.5 K
2) The properties of air at 380.5 K was highlighted
3) The Prandti number was calculated. Pr = 0.693
4) The Reynold number was calculated, Re = 28716.77
5) The Nusselt umber was calculated, Nu = 75.94
6) From Nu = (hD)/k , the average heat transfer coefficient, h, was calculated and a value of 204.41 W/m^2 - K was gotten.
A cable is checked for power installation and is found to be too small. The cable has 37 strands of copper wire each having a diameter of 82.2 mils. Find the size of the cable in circular mils. Carry the answer to two decimal places?
Answers
Answer:
\(Length = 9558.7\ mils\)
Explanation:
Given
\(diameter = 82.2\ mils\)
\(Strands = 37\)
Required
The length of the wire
First, we calculate the circumference (C) of 1 strand of the wire
\(C = \pi d\)
\(C = \frac{22}{7} * 82.2\)
\(C = \frac{22* 82.2}{7}\)
\(C = \frac{1808.4}{7}\)
The length of the 37 strands is:
\(Length = 37 * C\)
\(Length = 37 * \frac{1808.4}{7}\)
\(Length = \frac{37 * 1808.4}{7}\)
\(Length = \frac{66910.8}{7}\)
\(Length = 9558.68571429\)
\(Length = 9558.7\ mils\) --- approximated
why do kitchen cabinets bathtubs and attic openings require special framing details
Answers
determine the components of each reaction at the ball and socket joint A and the tension in each cable necessary for equilibrium of the rod
Answers
The components of the reaction force in a ball and socket joint include the horizontal and vertical reaction forces.
What is a reaction force?A reaction force is an equal but oppositely directed force which forms a pair which the applied or action force.
Tension is a type of force which is present in a string or a rope supporting a body or object.
A ball and socket jont is a type of joint in the body which is able to rotate freely about an axis.
The components of the reaction force in a ball and socket joint include the horizontal and vertical reaction forces.
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What is the tallest building ever made
Answers
Answer:
Burj Khalifa
Explanation:
The world's tallest artificial structure is the 829.8-metre-tall (2,722 ft) Burj Khalifa in Dubai (of the United Arab Emirates). The building gained the official title of "tallest building in the world" and the tallest self-supported structure at its opening on January 9, 2010.
a brainliest would be appriciated
Answer:
Burj khalifa
Explanation:
829.8 meters tall
Draw a conceptual sketch of your laptop. Identify the keyboard, screen, power source, and storage device and etc. using arrows and labels.
Answers
Answer:
draw a picture of your computer and label it
Answer: You need to make a drawing for this problem
Explanation:
Make a simple sketch of a laptop, then draw an arrow and label the screen, keyboard, mouse pad, charging port, charging cord, and any extra parts you would like to label.
You have an idea for a faster program. You scour the Internet and, as luck would have it, you find an algorithm one-prime factor(N) that, given an n-digit binary number, N, will find one prime factor of the number in time. (n?) (a) Using this algorithm (as a black box), give an efficient algorithm to factor an n-digit binary number into primes (and print the prime factors). (b) Approximately how many times does your factoring algorithm use the one prime factor(N) routine in the worst case, as a function of n? (c) How fast is your algorithm (in the worst case), in order notation, as a function of n? As above, assume that it takes linear time, i.e. On time, to add, subtract, multiply, and divide two n-digit binary numbers. (d) Is your new program fast enough? Justify.
Answers
a. use the one prime factor(N) routine to find a prime factor p of N. b .the algorithm will call the one prime factor(N) routine approximately n/2 times. c. this has a worst-case time complexity of O(n log n). time complexity of O(2^(n/2)), d. this algorithm is definitely an improvement.
Describe Binary Numbers?Binary numbers are a number system that only uses two digits, 0 and 1, to represent numbers. In the binary system, each digit represents a power of two, with the rightmost digit representing 2^0 (1), the next digit representing 2^1 (2), the next digit representing 2^2 (4), and so on.
For example, the binary number 1010 represents the decimal number (1 x 2^3) + (0 x 2^2) + (1 x 2^1) + (0 x 2^0), or 8 + 0 + 2 + 0, which is equal to 10 in decimal.
(a) We can use the one prime factor(N) routine repeatedly to factor the given n-digit binary number into prime factors. We can repeatedly call the one prime factor(N) routine until we get all the prime factors of the number. After each call, we divide the input number by the prime factor obtained from the routine, and repeat the process until we have obtained all the prime factors.
Here is the pseudocode for the algorithm:
Input: n-digit binary number N
while N > 1:
factor = one_prime_factor(N)
print(factor)
N = N / factor
(b) In the worst case, the input number may be a large prime number. In this case, the one prime factor(N) routine will return the input number itself as the prime factor. Therefore, we will need to call the one prime factor(N) routine n times to factor the input number into primes.
(c) Each call to the one prime factor(N) routine takes O(n^3) time (assuming it takes linear time to perform arithmetic operations on two n-digit binary numbers). Therefore, the worst-case time complexity of the algorithm is O(n^4).
(d) The time complexity of the algorithm is quite high, which means it may not be fast enough for large input sizes. In practice, there are faster algorithms for factoring integers, such as the general number field sieve (GNFS) or the quadratic sieve (QS), which have much lower time complexities. However, the one prime factor(N) routine may still be useful in certain situations where we only need to find one prime factor of a number.
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a half-wave rectifier circuit with a 500-q load operates from a 120-v (rms) 60-hz household supply through a 12-to-l step-down transformer. it uses a silicon diode that can be modeled to have a 0.7-v drop for any current. what is the peak voltage of the rectified output? for what fraction of the cycle does the diode conduct? what is the average output voltage? what is the average current in the load?
Answers
A sinusoidal waveform's average voltage (VAV) is calculated by multiplying the peak voltage value by the constant 0.637,which is equal to two divided by pi.
Explain about the Average output voltage?A waveform's level that is determined by the requirement that the region enclosed by the curve above it is exactly equal to the region enclosed by the curve below it.
The amount of power averaged throughout time is referred to as average power. By averaging the instantaneous power's time throughout a single cycle, we may determine average power.
By multiplying the peak value by 0.637 or the RMS value by 0.9, average or mean voltage and current values may be derived that can be used to calculate the same amount of power consumption as for analogous DC values. When converting from AC to DC, the average or mean value is frequently utilized (rectification).
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What is computer programming
Answers
Answer:
Computer programming is where you learn and see how computers work. People do this for a living as a job, if you get really good at it you will soon be able to program/ create a computer.
Explanation:
Hope dis helps! :)
A vibration system consists of a mass 50 kg, a spring of stiffness 30 kN/m and a damper. The
damping provided is only 20% of the critical value. Determine (a) the damping factor, (b) the
critical damping coefficient, (c) the natural frequency of the damped vibrations, (d) the
logarithmic decrement and (e) the ratio of two consecutive amplitudes.
Answers
Answer:
20% of the critical value. Determine (a) the damping factor, (b) the
Explanation:
You are building a system around a processor with in-order execution that runs at 1.1 GHz and has a CPI of 1.35 excluding memory accesses. The only instructions that read or write data from memory are loads (20% of all instructions) and stores (10% of all instructions). The memory system for this computer is composed of a split L1 cache that imposes no penalty on hits. Both the Icache and D-cache are direct-mapped and hold 32 KB each. The l-cache has a 2% miss rate and 32-byte blocks, and the D-cache is write-through with a 5% miss rate and 16-byte blocks. There is a write buffer on the D-cache that eliminates stalls for 95% of all writes. The 512 KB write-back, the unified L2 cache has 64-byte blocks and an access time of 15 ns. It is connected to the L1 cache by a 128-bit data bus that runs at 266 MHz and can transfer one 128-bit word per bus cycle. Of all memory references sent to the L2 cache in this system, 80% are satisfied without going to the main memory. Also, 50% of all blocks replaced are dirty. The 128-bit-wide main memory has an access latency of 60 ns, after which any number of bus words may be transferred at the rate of one per cycle on the 128-bit-wide 133 MHz main memory bus. a. [10] What is the average memory access time for instruction accesses? b. [10] What is the average memory access time for data reads? c. [10] What is the average memory access time for data writes? d. [10] What is the overall CPI, including memory accesses?
Answers
To calculate the average memory access time for instruction accesses (a), data reads (b), data writes (c), and the overall CPI including memory accesses (d), we need to consider the cache hierarchy and memory system parameters given.
a. Average Memory Access Time for Instruction Accesses:
The instruction cache (I-cache) is direct-mapped with a 2% miss rate and 32-byte blocks. The I-cache imposes no penalty on hits.
Average memory access time for instruction accesses = Hit time + Miss rate * Miss penalty
Given:
Hit time = 0 (no penalty on hits)
Miss rate = 2% = 0.02
Miss penalty = Access time of L2 cache = 15 ns
Average memory access time for instruction accesses = 0 + 0.02 * 15 ns = 0.3 ns
b. Average Memory Access Time for Data Reads:
The data cache (D-cache) is direct-mapped with a 5% miss rate and 16-byte blocks. The D-cache is write-through, but there is a write buffer that eliminates stalls for 95% of all writes.
Average memory access time for data reads = Hit time + Miss rate * Miss penalty
Given:
Hit time = 0 (no penalty on hits)
Miss rate = 5% = 0.05
Miss penalty = Access time of L2 cache = 15 ns
Average memory access time for data reads = 0 + 0.05 * 15 ns = 0.75 ns
c. Average Memory Access Time for Data Writes:
For data writes, there is a write buffer on the D-cache that eliminates stalls for 95% of all writes. The write buffer avoids the need to access the L2 cache for most writes.
Average memory access time for data writes = Hit time + (1 - Write buffer hit rate) * Miss penalty
Given:
Hit time = 0 (no penalty on hits)
Write buffer hit rate = 95% = 0.95
Miss penalty = Access time of L2 cache = 15 ns
Average memory access time for data writes = 0 + (1 - 0.95) * 15 ns = 0.75 ns
d. Overall CPI including Memory Accesses:
To calculate the overall CPI including memory accesses, we need to consider the fraction of memory references that cause cache misses and access the main memory.
Overall CPI = CPI (excluding memory accesses) + (Memory access time / Clock cycle time)
Given:
CPI (excluding memory accesses) = 1.35
Memory access time = Average memory access time for instruction accesses + (Memory references causing cache misses * Average memory access time for data reads) + (Memory references causing cache misses * Average memory access time for data writes)
Clock cycle time = 1 / (Processor frequency)
Memory references causing cache misses = Instruction references * Instruction miss rate + Data references * Data miss rate
Instruction references = 20% of all instructions
Data references = 10% of all instructions
Calculating the values:
Memory references causing cache misses = (20% * 0.02) + (10% * 0.05) = 0.006
Memory access time = 0.3 ns + (0.006 * 0.75 ns) + (0.006 * 0.75 ns) = 0.3045 ns
Clock cycle time = 1 / (1.1 GHz) = 0.909 ns
Overall CPI including Memory Accesses = 1.35 + (0.3045 ns / 0.909 ns) = 1.35 + 0.335 = 1.685
Therefore:
a. Average memory access time
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a clamp-on ammeter is designed to measure only alternating current.
T/F
Answers
It is FALSE to steate that a clamp-on ammeter, also known as a clamp meter or current clamp, is designed to measure both alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC).
How is this so?It utilizes a current transformer or hall effect sensor to measure the magnetic field produced by the current flowing through a conductor.
This makes it capable of measuring bothAC and DC current without the need for breaking the circuit.
Note that DC standsfor Direct Current, which is an electric current that flows in one direction with a constant polarity.
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After a strong storm, a worker does not realize that a power transmission line has fallen on his car and is electrocuted while opening the car door. What is this an example of?.
Answers
Answer:
This is an example of the conduction of electricity through metal. Free moving electrons on the car will conduct a electric field when a voltage is applied to the car; in this case the transmission line, and would flow through the metal to the door handle causing electrocution.