A binary mixture of methanol and water is separated in a continuous-contact distillation column operating at a pressure of 1 atm. а The height of a theoretical unit (based on the overall gas mass transfer coefficient), HGA, is 2.0 m. The feed to the column is liquid at its bubble point consisting of 50% methanol (on a molar basis). The mole fraction of methanol in the distillate, xa, is 0.92 and the reflux ratio is 1.5. For mole fractions of methanol in the liquid greater than x = 0.47, the equilibrium relationship for this binary system is approximately linear, y = 0.41x + 0.59. a) Derive an equation for the operating line in the rectification section of the column (i.e. the section above the feed). [4 marks] b) State the bulk compositions of the vapour and the liquid in the packed column at the feed location. You may assume that the feed is at its optimal location. [4 marks] c) Determine the height of the rectification section of the column. [8 marks] d) Explain the factors that would determine whether the reflux ratio mentioned above is the most suitable one for the process.
Answers
a) Operating line equationThe slope of the operating line is given by the ratio of the liquid-phase mass-transfer coefficient and the gas-phase mass-transfer coefficient.
It is expressed mathematically as:
\($$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{K_{xy}}{K_{yx}}$$where,$K_{xy}$\)
is the liquid-phase mass-transfer coefficient,
\($K_{yx}$\)
is the gas-phase mass-transfer coefficient.
\($$\begin{aligned}\text { Since }\frac{d V}{d L} &= R+1 \\ V &= LR+L\end{aligned}$$\)
At the feed plate, the liquid and vapor compositions are given by
$x_F$ and $y_F$.
Therefore, the operating line is given as:
\($$y = \frac{K_{xy}}{K_{yx}}(x-x_F)+y_F$$b)\)
Bulk compositionsThe bubble point temperature at the column's operating pressure of 1 atm is around 64.7oC. The feed to the column is a liquid at its bubble point, containing 50 percent methanol (by molar basis).
As a result, the liquid feed's composition is 0.5, whereas the vapor composition is given as:
$$y_F
= \frac{0.92-0.41\times0.5}{0.59}
=0.8124$$c)
Height of the rectification sectionThe number of theoretical plates required for a separation can be determined using the following equation.
$$\begin{aligned}N
= \frac{ln(\frac{D}{B})}{ln(R)} \\
= \frac{ln(\frac{H_L}{H_G})}{ln(R)}\end{aligned}
$$where,$H_L$
is the liquid-phase height,$H_G$ is the gas-phase height,$D$ is the distillate flow,$B$ is the bottom product flow.Substituting all the values in the above formula,
$$\begin{aligned}N
= \frac{ln(\frac{H_L}{2})}{ln(1.5)} \\
= \frac{ln(\frac{H_L}{2})}{0.4055}\end{aligned}
$$Mole fraction of methanol in the feed,
$x_F$ = 0.5.
Mole fraction of methanol in the distillate
,$x_D$ = 0.92.
From the given equilibrium relationship,
$y = 0.41x+0.59$
.At the feed plate,
$y_F = 0.8124$
Now, using the equation of the operating line,
\($$y = \frac{K_{xy}}{K_{yx}}(x-x_F)+y_F$$$$\)
\begin{aligned}\frac{K_{xy}}
{K_{yx}}
= \frac{y_F-y}{x_F-x} \\
= \frac{0.8124-0.41\times0.5-0.59}
{0.5-0.47} \\
= 0.7724\end{aligned}$$
Let the height of the rectification section be
$H_{R}$.
Using the following equation,
\($$H_L = (N+1)H_G + H_R$$And, $$H_G = H_{GA}y$$where $H_{GA}$\)
is the height of a theoretical unit.
Substituting the above values, the height of the rectification section of the column is calculated as,
$$H_R
= \frac{H_L-(N+1)H_G}
{1+(N+1)\frac{H_{GA}}{H_R}}$$
After substituting all the values, the calculated value of
$H_{R}$
is around 9.1 m.d) Suitable reflux ratioA higher reflux ratio will produce a more pure distillate.
A higher reflux ratio also means a greater number of trays or plates in the column, which can lead to higher capital and operating costs. In this process, the most appropriate reflux ratio is determined by considering both economic and process performance criteria.\($$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{K_{xy}}{K_{yx}}$$where,$K_{xy}$\)
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The choice of the reflux ratio should be based on a balance between separation efficiency, energy consumption, product specifications, and process constraints. It may require optimization and consideration of various factors to determine the most suitable reflux ratio for a given process.
a) To derive the equation for the operating line in the rectification section of the column, we need to understand the concept of the equilibrium relationship between the mole fractions of methanol in the liquid and the vapor phases.
The equilibrium relationship given in the question is y = 0.41x + 0.59, where y is the mole fraction of methanol in the vapor phase and x is the mole fraction of methanol in the liquid phase.
In the rectification section of the column, we have the following equation for the operating line:
y = (L / V) * x + (D / V) * xd
Where:
- y is the mole fraction of methanol in the vapor phase
- x is the mole fraction of methanol in the liquid phase
- L is the liquid flow rate (in moles per unit time) in the rectification section
- V is the vapor flow rate (in moles per unit time) in the rectification section
- D is the distillate flow rate (in moles per unit time)
- xd is the mole fraction of methanol in the distillate
b) At the feed location in the packed column, the bulk compositions of the vapor and the liquid phases can be determined based on the feed composition and the equilibrium relationship.
Since the feed is at its bubble point, the liquid and vapor phases are in equilibrium. Therefore, the mole fraction of methanol in the liquid phase at the feed location will be equal to the feed composition, which is 50% methanol (on a molar basis).
Using the equilibrium relationship y = 0.41x + 0.59, we can calculate the mole fraction of methanol in the vapor phase at the feed location.
c) To determine the height of the rectification section of the column, we need to use the concept of the height of a theoretical unit (HGA) and the reflux ratio (RR).
The height of a theoretical unit (HGA) is given as 2.0 m.
The reflux ratio (RR) is the ratio of the liquid flow rate in the rectification section to the distillate flow rate. In this case, the reflux ratio is 1.5.
The height of the rectification section can be calculated using the equation:
HR = (RR - 1) * HGA
where HR is the height of the rectification section.
d) The suitability of the reflux ratio mentioned above depends on several factors. Some of these factors include:
1. Separation efficiency: A higher reflux ratio generally leads to better separation efficiency by increasing the number of theoretical plates in the column. However, there may be a point of diminishing returns where further increases in the reflux ratio do not significantly improve separation.
2. Energy consumption: Higher reflux ratios require more energy for reboiling and condensing the reflux. Therefore, the choice of reflux ratio should consider the energy requirements and cost.
3. Product specifications: The desired composition of the distillate and bottoms products may influence the choice of reflux ratio. Different reflux ratios can result in different product compositions, and the most suitable reflux ratio will be the one that meets the desired product specifications.
4. Process constraints: The process may have limitations on the reflux ratio due to equipment design, safety considerations, or other operational constraints. These constraints need to be taken into account when determining the most suitable reflux ratio for the process.
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Answers
Answer:
thats a really cool design or whatever you got there.
Explanation:
niceeeeeeee :)
The most common type of pressure gauge is the 1. Piston 2. Linkage 3. Bourdon Tube 4. 5. Temperature
Answers
Answer:
Bourdon Tube gauge
Explanation:
The most popular type of pressure gauge in several countries is the Bourdon pressure tube gauge, that is used to determine medium and high loads. Bourdon tube will measure pressures ranging between 600 mbar - 4,000 bar. While the inner pressure is greater than the exterior pressure, the tube pushes forward, and vise versa.
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Answers
This is a test. Please ignore
Explanation:
Test
During IFR en route operations using an approved TSO-C129 or TSO-C196 GPS systemfor navigation,no other navigation system is required.A.active monitoring of an alternate navigation system is always required.B.the aircraft must have an approved TSO-C129 or TSO-C196 and operationalalternate navigation system appropriate for the route
Answers
During IFR en route operations using an approved TSO-C129 or TSO-C196 GPS system for navigation, no other navigation system is required.
However, it is always recommended to actively monitor an alternate navigation system as a backup. Additionally, the aircraft must have an approved TSO-C129 or TSO-C196 GPS system and an operational alternate navigation system appropriate for the route in case of any GPS system failures or outages.
The requirement is that the aircraft must have an approved TSO-C129 or TSO-C196 GPS system that is operational and appropriate for the route being flown. However, it is always a good practice to have redundancy in navigation systems to ensure safety in case of any unforeseen issues with the primary GPS system.
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Which vegetation type do you think will cause fire to spread the fastest?
Explain why you chose that answer.
Answers
Answer:B
Explanation: Dead Grass more flammable than wood and Green grass contains water.
Calculate the rms value.
Answers
Answer:
(√6)/3 ≈ 0.8165
Explanation:
The RMS value is the square root of the mean of the square of the waveform over one period. It will be ...
\(\displaystyle\sqrt{\frac{1}{T}\left(\int_{\frac{T}{4}}^{\frac{3T}{4}}{1^2}\,dt+\int_{\frac{3t}{4}}^{\frac{5t}{4}}{(\frac{-4}{T}}(t-T))^2\,dt\right)}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{T}\left(\frac{T}{2}+\left.\frac{16}{T^2}\cdot\frac{1}{3}(t-T)^3\right|_{\frac{3t}{4}}^{\frac{5t}{4}}\right)}\\\\=\sqrt{\frac{1}{T}\left(\frac{T}{2}+\frac{T}{6}\right)}=\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}=\boxed{\frac{\sqrt{6}}{3}\approx0.8165}\)
Select four items that an industrial engineer must obtain in order to practice in the field.
Answers
Answer:
agriculture,defense,industry,science
Explanation:
Edg 2021
R-134a vapor enters into a turbine at 250 psia and 175°F. The temperature of R-134a is reduced to 20°F in this turbine while its specific entropy remains constant. Determine the change in the enthalpy of R-134a as it passes through the turbine.
Answers
Answer:
Δ enthalpy = -23 Btu/Ibm
Explanation:
Given data:
Pressure ( P1 ) = 250 psi
Initial Temperature ( T1 ) = 175°F
Final temperature ( T2 ) = 20°F
Calculate the change in the enthalpy of R-134a
From R-134 table
h1 = 129.85 Btu/Ibm
s1 = 0.23281 Btu/Ibm.R
note : entropy is constant
hence ; s1 = s2
by interpolation ; h2 = 106.95
Δ enthalpy = h2 - h1
= ( 106.95 - 129.85 ) = -23 Btu/Ibm
What is the reading of this Dial Caliper?
Answers
Answer:
45
Explanation:
bdgdsfggsfg
What are these tools called need help with it?
Answers
Answer:
those look like clamps
Explanation:
You are about to perform PMCS on your M1114? What resource should you use for the procedures and instructions for performing PMCS?
Answers
The resources and instructions that should be used for the procedures of performing PMCS are:
Operator's manualsSafety cautions and warnings.Fording kitHeating and cooling systems.What is PMCS?PMCS is an acronym for preventive maintenance checks and services and it can be defined as the maintenance, checks, and services that are typically performed before, during, and after the use of any type of military equipment such as:
M1114M1151M1123Basically, the resources and instructions that should be used for the procedures of performing PMCS are:
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On January 2, Alfredo Corporation sold merchandise with a gross price of $100,000 to a customer with terms of 2/10, n/30. How much Sales Discounts would be recorded if payment was received from the customer on January 8
Answers
If payment was received from the customer on January 8, the Sales Discount that would be recorded is $2,000.
The formula for Sales Discount is:
Sales Discount = Cash Discount * Sales Revenue
Where,Sales Revenue = Gross Price - Sales Returns - Sales Allowances
Cash Discount is the percentage amount offered to the customer on the gross price of the goods or services. It is given to the customer when they make their payment before the due date.
The gross price of goods sold by Alfredo Corporation is $100,000.
According to the terms, the customer can avail of a cash discount of 2% if the payment is made within 10 days.
Therefore, the Cash Discount offered = 2% of $100,000 = $2,000.
Since the payment was received on January 8, it is made within the discount period of 10 days.
Hence, the Sales Discount that would be recorded is $2,000.
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Discuss the exciton roles in silicon solar cell
Answers
Excitons play a crucial role in silicon solar cells and are involved in several processes that contribute to the generation of electricity. Here are some key roles of excitons in silicon solar cells:
1. Absorption of Photons: When photons from sunlight strike the silicon material of a solar cell, they can be absorbed by silicon atoms, promoting an electron from the valence band to the conduction band. This process creates an exciton—a bound electron-hole pair.
2. Exciton Diffusion: After absorption, excitons can diffuse through the silicon material, moving towards the region of the solar cell where charge separation occurs. This diffusion process allows excitons to reach the vicinity of the p-n junction, where the separation of charges takes place.
3. Exciton Dissociation: At the p-n junction of a silicon solar cell, excitons can undergo dissociation. The electric field created by the junction separates the electron and hole of the exciton, allowing them to move freely in opposite directions as charge carriers.
4. Electron and Hole Transport: Once the exciton is dissociated, the free electron and hole can move independently within the solar cell. They are transported through the silicon material to the respective electrodes, creating an electric current that can be harnessed for external use.
5. Recombination: Excitons can also undergo recombination, where the electron and hole recombine, releasing energy in the form of light or heat. Recombination is undesirable in solar cells as it reduces the overall efficiency of the device.
To enhance the efficiency of silicon solar cells, various strategies are employed to minimize exciton recombination and improve exciton dissociation and charge carrier transport. These include the use of anti-reflection coatings, surface passivation techniques, and optimization of the device structure.
Overall, excitons play a vital role in the absorption and conversion of sunlight into electrical energy in silicon solar cells. Understanding and controlling exciton dynamics are essential for improving the performance of solar cells and advancing the field of photovoltaics.
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A steel rotating-beam test specimen is made of AISI 1045 hot-rolled. If the life of the specimen is 600000 and it is tested at a completely reversed loading. determine the amplitude of the reversed stress in
MPa
and the fatigue strength fraction,
f
. The amplitude of the reversed stress is
MPa
. The fatigue strength fraction,
f
, is
Answers
The poor hardness and relatively low fatigue strength of commonly used austenitic stainless steels are their drawbacks.
These steels are not suited for conventional chemical-thermal surface treatments because they foster intergranular corrosion. A low-temperature surface treatment that induces an S-phase in the surface layer is a good substitute but has a high cost/quality ratio. Surface cold working of austenitic steels can boost their surface micro-hardness and fatigue strength. Diamond burnishing (DB) has significant potential to increase the rotating bending fatigue strength of austenitic chromium-nickel steels and, based on the cost/quality ratio, can effectively compete with low-temperature chemical-thermal treatments when the goal is to increase the fatigue strength and when the requirements for significant wear resistance are not paramount.
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Given an array of strings, return the count of the number of strings with the given length.
wordsCount(["a", "bb", "b", "ccc"], 1) → 2
wordsCount(["a", "bb", "b", "ccc"], 3) → 1
wordsCount(["a", "bb", "b", "ccc"], 4) → 0
Answers
The problem requires counting the number of strings in an array that have a given length. To solve this problem, we can iterate through the array of strings and check the length of each string against the target length. If the length matches, we can increment a counter variable.
Here's an implementation of the solution in Python:
def wordsCount(words, length):
count = 0
for word in words:
if len(word) == length:
count += 1
return count
In this solution, we first initialize a counter variable count to zero. Then, we loop through each element in the words array and check if its length is equal to the target length. If the length matches, we increment the count variable. Finally, we return the count value.
In the input array ["a", "bb", "b", "ccc"] and target length 1, the function will count the number of strings with length 1, which is 2. Similarly, for target length 3, the function will return 1. And for target length 4, the function will return 0.
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A pedestrian walks when the sign says dont walk, you should
Answers
Answer:
If a pedestrian walks when the sign says don't walk, you should stop and allow the pedestrian to cross the street.
Explanation:
Even if the pedestrian is advised to stop, the pedestrian has the right of way, and the driver will be penalized if the pedestrian is hit with any vehicle.
The transfer function of a typical tape-drive system is given by
KG(s) = K(s + 4)/ s(s + 0.5)(s + 1)(s2 = 0.4s + 4)
where time is measured in milliseconds. Using Routh's stability criterion, determine the range of K for which this system is stable when the characteristic equation is 1 + KG(s) = 0.
Answers
Answer:
the range of K can be said to be : -3.59 < K< 0.35
Explanation:
The transfer function of a typical tape-drive system is given by;
\(KG(s) = \dfrac{K(s+4)}{s[s+0.5)(s+1)(s^2+0.4s+4)]}\)
calculating the characteristics equation; we have:
1 + KG(s) = 0
\(1+ \dfrac{K(s+4)}{s[s+0.5)(s+1)(s^2+0.4s+4)]} = 0\)
\({s[s+0.5)(s+1)(s^2+0.4s+4)]} +{K(s+4)}= 0\)
\(s^5 + 1.9 s^4+ 5.1s^3+6.2s^2+ 2s+K(s+4) = 0\)
\(s^5 + 1.9 s^4+ 5.1s^3+6.2s^2+ (2+K)s+ 4K = 0\)
We can compute a Simulation Table for the Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion Table as follows:
\(S^5\) 1 5.1 2+ K
\(S^4\) 1.9 6.2 4K
\(S^3\) 1.83 \(\dfrac{1.9 (2+K)-4K}{1.9}\) 0
\(S^2\) \(\dfrac{11.34-1.9(X)}{1.83}\) 4K 0
S \(\dfrac{XY-7.32 \ K}{Y}\) 0 0
\(\dfrac{1.9 (2+K)-4K}{1.9} = X\)
\(\dfrac{11.34-1.9(X)}{1.83}= Y\)
We need to understand that in a given stable system; all the elements in the first column is usually greater than zero
So;
11.34 - 1.9(X) > 0
\(11.34 - 1.9(\dfrac{3.8+1.9K-4K}{1.9}) > 0\)
\(11.34 - (3.8 - 2.1K)>0\)
7.54 +2.1 K > 0
2.1 K > - 7.54
K > - 7.54/2.1
K > - 3.59
Also
4K >0
K > 0/4
K > 0
Similarly;
XY - 7.32 K > 0
\((\dfrac{3.8+1.9K-4K}{1.9})[11.34 - 1.9(\dfrac{3.8+1.9K-4K}{1.83}) > 7.32 \ K]\)
0.54(2.1K+7.54)>7.32 K
11.45 K < 4.07
K < 4.07/11.45
K < 0.35
Thus the range of K can be said to be : -3.59 < K< 0.35
Is differential analyzer a digital or Analog computer
Answers
The thrust angle is checked by referencing
oa. rear toe
ob. front toe
oc. vehicle centerline
od. caster
Answers
In Engineering, the thrust angle is checked by referencing: C. vehicle centerline.
What is a thrust angle?A thrust angle can be defined as an imaginary line which is drawn perpendicularly from the centerline of the rear axle of a vehicle, down the centerline.
This ultimately implies that, the thrust angle is a reference to the centerline (wheelbase) of a vehicle, and it confirms that the two wheels on both sides are properly angled within specification.
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What equipment is needed for weightlifting?
Answers
Examples include weightlifting gloves, belts, wrist wraps, and other items that are together referred to as weightlifting gear.
Is lifting hooks unethical?No, using weightlifting hooks is not unethical. Weightlifting hooks can be a useful tool for lifters who need them if they are utilized properly and sparingly. Just be careful not to utilize them for exercises where they are not necessary.
Is deadlifting unethical?Briefly, no. Given the aforementioned, we may conclude that sumo deadlifts are not simpler. We can also state without a doubt that sumo deadlifts are not cheating by referring to any powerlifting rulebook, which permits both conventional and sumo deadlifts in competition.
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Question 11
In a laboratory was analyzed several different water samples. Several analyzes were also performed on the same water. In analyses, there are various sources of error. One of these is called gross error. What applies to this category? One or more answers are correct.
A: if you take enough measurements, gross errors become normally distributed.
B: gross errors produce data that differ unreasonably from data from similar samples.
C: gross errors can be handled and quantified using confidence intervals.
D: gross errors produce the same error in each measurement, for example the read value may consistently be 5% higher than the true value
Answers
Gross errors produce data that differ unreasonably from data from similar samples and apply to the given category. The correct option is B.
What is the gross error?
Gross errors, often known as "outliers," are errors that are not systematic or random. They are inherently unpredictable and frequently huge.
Gross errors result from experimenter negligence or device malfunction. These “outliers” are typically ignored when analyzing data because they are far above or below the genuine value.
Therefore, the correct option is B: gross errors produce data that differ unreasonably from data from similar samples.
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what structural characteristic made joseph paxton's crystal palace unconventional? crystal palace, london responses the barrel vault required many internal supports. the barrel vault required many internal supports. the foundation was made from concrete. the foundation was made from concrete. the frame was made from aluminum. the frame was made from aluminum. the iron support structure was visible.
Answers
The structural characteristic that made joseph paxton's crystal palace unconventional is the iron support structure was visible.
What made Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace structurally unconventional?Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace in London was structurally unconventional due to the visibility of its iron support structure. Unlike traditional buildings of the time, where the structural elements were concealed behind walls and facades.
Paxton's design celebrated the use of iron and showcased it as an integral part of the building's aesthetic. The extensive iron framework provided the necessary support for the massive glass and steel structure allowing for large open spaces and a soaring height.
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6) A deep underground cavern Contains 980 cuft
of methane gas (CH4) at a pressure of 230
psia and temperature of 150°F. How many
(omllbmol of methane does this gas
deposit contain?
Answers
Answer:
15625 moles of methane is present in this gas deposit
Explanation:
As we know,
PV = nRT
P = Pressure = 230 psia = 1585.79 kPA
V = Volume = 980 cuft = 27750.5 Liters
n = number of moles
R = ideal gas constant = 8.315
T = Temperature = 150°F = 338.706 Kelvin
Substituting the given values, we get -
1585.79 kPA * 27750.5 Liters = n * 8.315 * 338.706 Kelvin
n = (1585.79*27750.5)/(8.315 * 338.706) = 15625
what is the term Self-induced EMF (Induction)
Answers
Self induction and Mutual induction
If the current through the coil changes, the flux through the coil changes and an emf is induced. Since the emf is induced in the coil due to its own field, it is called self–induced emf and the phenomenon is called self–induction.
Answer:
Self induced EMF is the electro-motive force that is generated due to change in flux in the coil caused by the change in current in the same coil.
Sadie is the props manager for a small community theater. Because she does not have a part onstage, Sadie is not part of the Performing Arts pathway of the Arts, AV Technology and Communication cluster.
True
False
Answers
Answer:
I think it is false!
Explanation:
Answer: I think it's true
Explanation:
Because if you were part of a play, you would have a part but if you work on props, you don't have a part onstage.
As the junior engineer at the Mesabi Range Hydraulic Engineering Company located in Ely, Minnesota, you have been tasked with designing a new irrigation canal that will be used by the English Pea Farmers Cooperative of Northern Minnesota. The canal will run from Basswood Lake to the pea fields located just south of town. The canal is to be 22 miles in length, unlined, excavated in stiff clay and must handle a flow rate of 13.15 m3/s over a slope of 0.2%. Your Boss wants you to calculate the necessary canal parameters and to also determine if the canal will fit within the 85-foot wide right-of-way established by the Lake County land-use office
Answers
yes it will
Explanation:
A alloy bar 1m long and 200m in cross-section is subjected to compression force 20KN if the modulus of elasticity of the axial is 100Gpa. Find the decrease in length of the bar
Answers
A alloy bar 1m long and 200m in cross-section is subjected to compression force 20KN if the modulus of elasticity of the axial is 100Gpa. The decrease in the length of the bar is 1 X 10^-12m.
Define elasticity.
Elasticity, in physics and materials science, is the capacity of a body to withstand a force that distorts it and to recover its original size and shape when the force is withdrawn.
Elasticity is characterized as a feature of materials that allows them to resume their original shape after being deformed by stress that has been removed. The pascal is the SI unit for elasticity and the elastic modulus (Pa).
Solution Explained:
Given,
Length = 1m
Area of Cross-Section (A) = 200m^2
Tensile force (P) = 20kN
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 100Gpa = 1 X 10^11 N/m^2
Using the formula,
Δl = P X length / A X E
= 20 X 1 / 200 X 1 X 10^11
After calculation, we get
Δl = 1 X 10^-12m
Therefore, the decrease in length is 1 X 10^-12m.
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When the pressure relief valve in a system opens during work
Answers
Answer:
The relief valve will open as pressure caused by a downstream load or backpressure increases high enough to force the poppet or spool open against its spring.
Explanation:
who designs each page or screen with which a user interacts?
Answers
Answer:
UI Design
Explanation:
estimate the average, maximum day and peak hours water demand for a community of 55000population.
calculate the design water capacity of the water distribution system and the water treatment plant assume average water demand of 170lcpd
Answers
The combined design water capacity of the water treatment facility and distribution system should be 19,221,000 litres per day.
What is the equation for the highest daily demand?Maximum Day Demand (MDD) x 1.80 W3-01.3 System Parameters = Peak Hour Demand (PHD). A. Average Day Demand (ADD) multiplied by 2.25 to get Maximum Day Demand (MDD).
Average water demand = Population x Average water demand per capita
Average water demand = 55,000 x 170 liters per capita per day
Average water demand = 9,350,000 liters per day
Maximum day water demand = 1.5 x 9,350,000 liters per day
Maximum day water demand = 14,025,000 liters per day
Peak hour water demand = 170 liters per capita per day x 55,000 people x 2 / 24 hours x 4 peak hours
Peak hour water demand = 9,067 liters per hour
Fire demand = 3 liters per second x 60 seconds per minute x 24 hours
Fire demand = 5,400 liters per day
Design water capacity = 14,025,000 liters per day + 5,400 liters per day + (0.2 x 9,350,000 liters per day)
Design water capacity = 19,221,000 liters per day
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