1.Draw the born-Haber lattice energy cycle for sodium chloride. Explain the concept of resonance using the nitrate ion structure.

There are 90.0 g of F are present in 185 g of CaF₂. In chemistry, a mole, usually spelled mol, is a common scientific measurement unit for significant amounts of extremely small objects like atoms, molecules, or other predetermined particles.

According to question, mass of CaF₂ = 185 g

It is required to calculate the moles of CaF₂

Moles of CaF₂ = 185 g / 78.074 g.mol-1

= 2.369 mole of CaF₂

Now find the moles of F from the moles of CaF₂

1 mole of CaF₂ = 2 moles of F

2.369 mole of CaF₂ = ?

= 4.74 moles of F

Now change the mole to gram of F

Mass of F = 4.74 moles of F × 18.998 g/mol

= 90.03 g of F

Thus, 90.0 g of F are in 185 g of CaF₂.

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Types of luminous flames:

1. Yellow Luminous Flame

2. Smoky Luminous Flame

3. Orange Luminous Flame

4. Blue Luminous Flame

Luminous flames are characterized by their visible glow, which is caused by the incomplete combustion of fuel. The presence of soot particles in the flame causes the emission of light. There are different types of luminous flames, which can be classified based on their fuel composition and burning conditions. Here are some common types of luminous flames:

1. Yellow Luminous Flame: This is the most common type of luminous flame, often seen in open fires, candles, and gas stoves. It appears yellow due to the presence of soot particles in the flame. Yellow flames indicate incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, such as methane, propane, or natural gas. The high carbon content in these fuels leads to the formation of soot, which emits visible light.

2. Smoky Luminous Flame: This type of flame is characterized by a significant amount of black smoke and soot production. It is commonly observed in poorly adjusted or malfunctioning burners or engines. The excessive presence of unburned fuel in the flame results in incomplete combustion and the emission of dark smoke particles.

3. Orange Luminous Flame: An orange flame indicates a higher combustion temperature compared to a yellow flame. It is often seen in more efficient burners or when burning fuels with a higher carbon content, such as oil or diesel. The higher temperature helps in burning more of the carbon particles, reducing the amount of soot and making the flame appear less yellow.

4. Blue Luminous Flame: A blue flame is typically associated with complete combustion. It indicates efficient burning of fuel, resulting in minimal soot formation. Blue flames are commonly observed in gas burners or Bunsen burners. The blue color is a result of the combustion of gases, such as methane, in the presence of sufficient oxygen.

It's important to note that the luminosity of a flame can vary depending on factors such as fuel-air mixture, combustion temperature, and the presence of impurities. Achieving complete combustion and minimizing the production of soot is desirable for efficient and cleaner burning processes.

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After the reaction is complete, no nitrogen and no hydrogen molecules remain, and 8.00 x 1014 molecules of NH3 are produced.

In the equation, nitrogen and hydrogen react at a high temperature, in the presence of a catalyst, to produce ammonia, according to the balanced chemical equation:N2(g)+3H2(g)⟶2NH3(g)The coefficients of each molecule suggest that one molecule of nitrogen reacts with three molecules of hydrogen to create two molecules of ammonia.

So, to determine how many molecules of ammonia are produced when four nitrogen and nine hydrogen molecules are present, we must first determine which of the two reactants is the limiting reactant.

To find the limiting reactant, the number of moles of each reactant present in the equation must be determined.

Calculations:
Nitrogen (N2) molecules = 4Hence, the number of moles of N2 = 4/6.02 x 1023 mol-1 = 6.64 x 10-24 mol
Hydrogen (H2) molecules = 9Hence, the number of moles of H2 = 9/6.02 x 1023 mol-1 = 1.50 x 10-23 mol

Now we have to calculate the number of moles of NH3 produced when the number of moles of nitrogen and hydrogen are known, i.e., mole ratio of N2 and H2 is 1:3.

The mole ratio of N2 to NH3 is 1:2; thus, for every 1 mole of N2 consumed, 2 moles of NH3 are produced.
The mole ratio of H2 to NH3 is 3:2; thus, for every 3 moles of H2 consumed, 2 moles of NH3 are produced.
From these mole ratios, it can be observed that the limiting reactant is nitrogen.

Calculation for NH3 production:
Nitrogen (N2) moles = 6.64 x 10-24 moles
The mole ratio of N2 to NH3 is 1:2; therefore, moles of NH3 produced is 2 × 6.64 × 10−24 = 1.33 × 10−23 moles.

Now, to determine how many molecules of NH3 are produced, we need to convert moles to molecules.
1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 molecules
Thus, 1.33 x 10-23 moles of NH3 = 8.00 x 1014 molecules of NH3 produced.

To find the amount of each reactant remaining after the reaction is complete, we must first determine how many moles of nitrogen are consumed, then how many moles of hydrogen are consumed, and then subtract these from the initial number of moles of each reactant.

The moles of nitrogen consumed = 4 moles × 1 mole/1 mole N2 × 2 mole NH3/1 mole N2 = 8 moles NH3
The moles of hydrogen consumed = 9 moles × 2 mole NH3/3 mole H2 × 2 mole NH3/1 mole N2 = 4 moles NH3
Thus, the moles of nitrogen remaining = 6.64 × 10−24 mol – 8 × 2/3 × 6.02 × 10^23 mol-1 = 5.06 × 10−24 mol
The moles of hydrogen remaining = 1.50 × 10−23 mol – 4 × 2/3 × 6.02 × 10^23 mol-1 = 8.77 × 10−24 mol

Finally, the number of molecules of each reactant remaining can be calculated as follows:
Number of N2 molecules remaining = 5.06 × 10−24 mol × 6.02 × 10^23 molecules/mol = 3.05 × 10−1 molecules ≈ 0 molecules
Number of H2 molecules remaining = 8.77 × 10−24 mol × 6.02 × 10^23 molecules/mol = 5.28 × 10−1 molecules ≈ 0 molecules.

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Answer:

whats the answer//

Explanation:

Answer:

A,D,G,H

Explanation:

Mathematics

Climatology

Remote sensing

Geographic information systems

Answer:

Nitrogen is the chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7.

Explanation:

Ammonia (\(NH_3\)) and ammonium chloride (\(NH_4Cl\)) mixture could be a useful buffer in a solution. Option C

A buffer is a solution that can resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added. It consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. The buffer system works by the principle of Le Chatelier's principle, where the equilibrium is shifted to counteract the changes caused by the addition of an acid or a base.

In option A, acetic acid (\(CH_3CO_2H\)) is a weak acid, but hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a strong acid. This combination does not form a buffer because HCl is completely dissociated in water and cannot provide a significant concentration of its conjugate base.

Option B consists of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is a strong base, and elemental sodium (Na), which is a metal. This combination does not form a buffer as there is no weak acid-base pair involved.

Option D contains acetic acid (\(CH_3CO_2H\)), a weak acid, and ammonia (\(NH_3\)), a weak base. Although they are weak acid and base, they do not form a buffer system together as they are both weak acids or bases and lack the required conjugate acid-base pair.

Option C, ammonia (\(NH_3\)), is a weak base, and ammonium chloride (\(NH_4Cl\)) is its conjugate acid. This combination can form a buffer system. When ammonia reacts with water, it forms ammonium ions (NH4+) and hydroxide ions (OH-).

The ammonium ions act as the weak acid, while the ammonia acts as the weak base. The addition of a small amount of acid will be counteracted by the ammonium ions, and the addition of a small amount of base will be counteracted by the ammonia, thus maintaining the pH of the solution relatively stable.

Therefore, option C, consisting of ammonia (\(NH_3\)) and ammonium chloride (\(NH_4Cl\)), is the suitable mixture that could be a useful buffer in a solution.

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Explanation:

Oxidation of aldehyde yields carboxylic acid.

a ketone

This is incorrect

b primary alcohol

This is incorrect.

c carboxylic acid

This is the correct option

d. secondary alcohol

This is incorrect.

e. tertiary alcohol

This is incorrect

Oxidation of aldehyde yields carboxylic acid. An aldehyde gains oxygen and loses hydrogen during the oxidation process

A chemical reaction known as oxidation involves the loss of electrons or an increase in an element, atom, or compound's oxidation status. When a material reacts with oxygen, it frequently happens, but it can also involve other chemical substances or elements that serve as electron acceptors.

An aldehyde gains oxygen and loses hydrogen during the oxidation process, creating a carboxylic acid as a byproduct. Typically, oxidising substances like potassium dichromate or potassium permanganate are used to carry out this process in an acidic or alkaline media.

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Answer:

Any Group 2A element (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra)

Explanation:

According to the Octet Rule, Sulfur would want to gain two electrons in its outermost shell to achieve an octet (8 total electrons).  The elements that could accomplish this in a one-to-one ratio would be Group 2A on the periodic table (alkaline earth metals).

There are two types of chemical compound one is covalent compound and other is ionic compound, covalent compound formed by sharing of electron and ionic compound formed by complete transfer of electron. Therefore, alkaline earth metals are the suitable elements.

Chemical Compound is a combination of molecule, Molecule forms by combination of element and element forms by combination of atoms in fixed proportion.

An ionic compound is a metal and nonmetal combined compound. Ionic compound are very hard. They have high melting and boiling point because of strong ion bond.

The compound that is ionic in nature can be dissociated very easily in water. Since ionic compounds are polar in nature, they readily dissolve in water.  The elements that could accomplish this in a one-to-one ratio would be  alkaline earth metals

Therefore, alkaline earth metals are the suitable elements.

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The pH of acid is between 0-7 on pH scale while for base pH range is from 7-14. Therefore, the pH of buffer is 10.5. pH is a unitless quantity.

pH is a measurement of amount of hydronium ion H₃O⁺ in a given sample. More the value of hydronium ion concentration, more will be the solution acidic.

On subtracting pH from 14, we get pOH which measures the concentration of hydroxide ion in a given solution. pH depend on the temperature. At room temperature pH scale is between 0 to 14. pH of neutral solution is 7.

CH\(_3\)NH\(_2\) + H\(_2\)O(aq) \(\rightarrow\) CH\(_3\)NH\(_3\) ⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq)

Kb = [CH\(_3\)NH\(_3\) ⁺] x[OH⁻] =3.7x 10⁻⁴

[CH\(_3\)NH\(_2\)]= 0.2 / 1.00 =0.2M

Kb = (0.2M) x [OH⁻] = 3.7x 10⁻⁴

[OH-] = 3.15 x 10⁻⁴

pOH=-log[OH-]

      = -log[3.15 x 10⁻⁴]

pOH=3.5

pH+pOH=14

pH = 10.5

Therefore, the pH of buffer is 10.5.

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Answer:

An apple.

A person.

A table.

Air.

Water.

A computer.

Paper.

Iron.

Hope this helps you

Answer:

your boddy is made of mater and a clock too it is still a mater of time.

Explanation:

Answer:

Trueeeeeeeeeeeeeee :)

.

A combination of acid and amine with similar molecular masses would be used.

When two substances capable of diffusing are placed at extreme ends of a sealed tube, each will diffuse towards the opposite end of the tube.

If the 2 substances are capable of reacting to form a white ring like in the case of the acid and the amine, the point at which the white ring will form would depend on the rate of diffusion of each substance.

According to Graham's law of diffusion, the rate of diffusion of substances is inversely proportional to the square root of their molecular masses. Going by this law, gases with similar molecular weight will have similar rates of diffusion.

Thus, 2 substances (gases) with similar molecular masses, left to diffuse in the opposing ends of a sealed tube will diffuse to meet around the halfway point between the two ends of the tube where they can react and form a white ring.

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Answer:

1.674 x 10^-23 grams

Explanation:

Hydrogen-1 is called Protium

wikipedia

atomic mass of Protium is 1.00794 amu

sciencedirectcom

atomic mass of 10 Protiums is 10.0794 amu

10.0794 amu in grams is

1.6737236x10^-23 grams

As per the standard data, the heat evolved during one mole of calcium carbonate decomposes is 177.8 KJ. Thus 15 g or 0.15 moles of calcium carbonate when decomposed will produce 26.67 KJ of heat.

Reaction enthalpy of a substance is the heat evolved or absorbed during a reaction. Reaction enthalpy is negative for an exothermic reaction and positive for an endothermic reaction.

Molar mass of calcium carbonate = 100 g.

no.of moles in 15 g = 15 /100 = 0.15 moles.

One mole or 100 g of calcium carbonate decompose to evolve 177.8 KJ according to the scientific record.

Thus, heat evolved by the decomposition of 0.15 moles is 0.15 × 177.8 KJ = 26.67 KJ.

Hence, the heat evolved during the decomposition of 15 g of calcium carbonate is 26.67 KJ.

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Answer:

do you have to do the first part to?

Explanation:

you know

The concentration of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions for each solution are:

Sol. A: [H3O+] = 3.37 × 10^-8 M ; [OH-] = 2.97 × 10^-7 M

Sol. B: [H3O+] = 8.95 × 10^-9 M ; [OH-] = 1.12 × 10^-6 M

Sol. C: [H3O+] = 1.37 × 10^-11 M ; [OH-] = 7.29 × 10^-4 M

Ions are electrically charged atoms or molecules. They are formed when an atom or molecule gains or loses one or more electrons, resulting in a net positive or negative charge. When an atom loses electrons, it becomes a positively charged ion called a cation, while when it gains electrons, it becomes a negatively charged ion called an anion. Ions play an important role in various chemical and biological processes, including the formation of ionic compounds, the conduction of electricity in solutions, and the transmission of nerve impulses in the human body.

For any aqueous solution at 25°C, we know that the product of the hydronium ion concentration ([H3O+]) and the hydroxide ion concentration ([OH-]) is equal to 1.0 × 10^-14. Using this relationship, we can solve for the missing ion concentration in each solution:

Sol. A:

[H3O+] = 1.0 × 10^-14 / [OH-]

[H3O+] = 1.0 × 10^-14 / (2.97 × 10^-7)

[H3O+] = 3.37 × 10^-8 M

Sol. B:

[OH-] = 1.0 × 10^-14 / [H3O+]

[OH-] = 1.0 × 10^-14 / (8.95 × 10^-9)

[OH-] = 1.12 × 10^-6 M

Sol. C:

[H3O+] = 1.0 × 10^-14 / [OH-]

[H3O+] = 1.0 × 10^-14 / (7.29 × 10^-4)

[H3O+] = 1.37 × 10^-11 M

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Answer:

Explanation:

C

The ionic and net ionic equation for HCl + Mg(C2H3O2)2 ⇒ MgCl2 + HC2H3O2 is H⁺ + Cl⁻ + Mg⁺ + C₂H₃O₂⁻ → Mg⁺ + Cl₂⁻ +  H⁺ + C₂H₃O₂⁻.

Ionic equations are chemical equations that only show the ions involved in a chemical reaction. In other words, ions that combine in solution to form new substances. The ions that do not participate are referred to as spectator ions.

A net ionic equation depicts only the chemical species involved in a reaction, whereas a complete ionic equation depicts the spectator ions as well.

Thus,  H⁺ + Cl⁻ + Mg⁺ + C₂H₃O₂⁻ → Mg⁺ + Cl₂⁻ +  H⁺ + C₂H₃O₂⁻ this is the net ionic equation.

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Answer:

1 and the element is hydrogen (there is an exception for the octet rule for the element hydrogen) hope this helps

Explanation:

A ream of lead contains 500 Pb atoms. Then 2.50× 10¹⁸ reams of lead contains 1.25 × 10²¹ lead atoms.

Ream is a term used to express a large quantity of something. In the case of a compounds or elements, ream is a unit where 1 ream of the element contains 500 atoms.

Lead is a metal classified in the 14th group. Lead is 82nd element in periodic table.

Given that, the quantity of lead  = 2.50 × 10¹⁸ reams.

1 ream = 500 atoms.

Then the number of atoms of lead in 2.50 × 10¹⁸ reams is:

500 atoms/ 1 ream  × 2.50 × 10¹⁸ reams = 1.25 × 10²¹ lead atoms.

Therefore, the number of lead atoms in  2.50 × 10¹⁸ reams is 1.25 × 10²¹ .

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Answer: potassium chloride

The statement below best describes SO₂ with respect to the polarity of bonds and the polarity of the molecule is  B) SO₂  has polar S-O bonds and is a polar molecule.

The  SO₂ is an covalent bond. the bond between the sulfur and the oxygen atom is the covalent bond. the oxygen atom is more electronegative than the sulfur atom . the oxygen atom attract the shared paired of the electron towards it self. thus it makes the S - O bond polar bond. the each S - O bond is polar bond. the net dipole moment in the  SO₂  molecule is greater than zero due to the unequal sharing of the electrons.

Thus, the  SO₂  molecules is the polar molecule.

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Answer:

Percent yield  = 72.07 %

Explanation:

Our reaction is:

C₄H₁₀O + NaBr + H₂SO₄ → C₄H₉Br + NaHSO₄ + H₂O

It is correctly balanced.

Let's determine which is the limiting reagent:

45 g . 1 mol / 74 g = 0.608 moles of C₄H₁₀O

67.1 g . 1 mol / 102.9 g = 0.652 moles of NaBr

97 g . 1 mol / 98 g = 0.990 moles of sulfuric acid

Ratio is always 1:1, so for 1 mol of NaBr and 1 mol of sulfuric acid we need 1 mol of C₄H₁₀O. We have 0.652 moles of NaBr, we need the same amount of C₄H₁₀O and we have 0.990 moles of acid, we need the same amount of C₄H₁₀O; we only have 0.608 moles, that's why C₄H₁₀O is the limiting reactant, there's no enough C₄H₁₀O.

Ratio is also 1:1, between reactant and product.

1 mol of C₄H₁₀O produces 1 mol of C₄H₉Br

Then, 0.608 moles will produce 0.608 moles of C₄H₉Br

We convert moles to mass: 0.608 mol . 136.9 g/mol = 83.25 g

That's the 100 % yield reaction

Percent yield  = (Yield produced / Theoretical yield) . 100

Percent yield = (60 g / 83.25 g) . 100 = 72.07 %

The balanced equation shows that 3 moles of hydrogen gas react with 1 mole of nitrogen gas to produce 2 moles of ammonia gas. This means that the mole ratio of hydrogen gas to ammonia gas is 3:2.

we need to use the given number of moles of hydrogen gas and convert it to moles of ammonia gas using the mole ratio.

Moles of NH3 = (3/2) x moles of H2

Moles of NH3 = (3/2) x 7.23 x 10^-4

Moles of NH3 = 1.0845 x 10^-3

Now we can use the molar mass of ammonia (17.03 g/mol) to calculate the mass of ammonia produced:

Mass of NH3 = Moles of NH3 x Molar mass of NH3

Mass of NH3 = 1.0845 x 10^-3 mol x 17.03 g/mol

Mass of NH3 = 1.844 x 10^-2 g

Therefore, the mass of ammonia produced from 7.23 x 10^-4 moles of hydrogen gas is 1.844 x 10^-2 g

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According to the claim, Balloon A, which has more blue and less orange, exhibits accurate effusion at a relative effusion rate of 1.303. (orange is 1.303 times more effused than blue).Relative rate of effusion for the orange to blue spheres = 1.531.

The process of effusion is when a gas escapes from a container through a hole that is significantly smaller in diameter than the molecules' mean free path.

Gas molecules flow through a small opening in one container and into another by effusion. Graham's law allows rates of effusion to be compared at the same temperature. Diffusion is the random molecular motion-based movement of gas molecules through one or more other types of gas.

Rate of effusion of Orange / Rate of effusion of blue

= [Mblue / Morange]^1/2

Vrms = sqrt [(3RT/M)]

Vorange / Vblue = [ Mblue / Morange]^1/2

Rate of effusion of Orange / Rate of effusion of blue

= 565/ 369

= 1.531

Thus,  Balloon A, which has more blue and less orange, exhibits accurate effusion at a relative effusion rate of 1.303.

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Answer:

Store the genetic instructions needed to specify traits.

In DNA, the primary function of chromosome is store the genetic instructions needed to specify traits.

DNA is a hereditary material  which is present in human beings as well as all other living organisms.  Every cell which is present in an organism's body has DNA  which is the same. Most of the DNA is situated in the cell's nucleus and small amount of it can be found in the cell's mitochondria as well.

Information which is stored in DNA is stored as codes made up of four chemical bases namely, adenine, thymine , cytosine and guanine.Human DNA consists of 3 billion bases .The order of the bases determines information which is required for building and maintaining an organism.

DNA bases are capable of pairing up with each other. Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs up with cytosine .Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule  and a phosphate group. A base, phosphate  sugar are together called as nucleotides.

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Answer:

ok, here is your answer

Explanation:

i am going to solve this problem by using the ICE table method which is an easy method to determine the pH of a weak base with the given data of the problem.Given:Initial volume of NH3 solution (Vi) = 75.0 mLInitial concentration of NH3 solution (Ci) = 0.200 MInitial moles of NH3 solution (Ni) = Ci x Vi = 0.200 M x 75.0 mL = 0.0150 molesKb = 1.8 x 10^-5Moles of HNO3 added (n) = 0.500 M x 17.0 mL = 0.00850 molesVolume of NH3 solution after the addition of HNO3 (Vf) = 75.0 mL + 17.0 mL = 92.0 mLConcentration of NH3 solution after the addition of HNO3 (Cf) = Ni / Vf = 0.0150 moles / 92.0 mL = 0.163 MTo find the pH after the addition of 17.0 mL of HNO3, we need to use the ICE table method.ICE table method:Initial: NH3 + H2O ⇌ NH4+ + OH-Change: -x 0 +x +xEquilibrium: 0.0150 - x 0 x xKb = [NH4+][OH-] / [NH3]1.8 x 10^-5 = x^2 / 0.163Solving for x, x = 0.00171 M[OH-] = 0.00171 M[OH-] = Kw / [H3O+] = 1.0 x 10^-14 / [H3O+][H3O+] = 5.85 x 10^-12pH = -log[H3O+]pH = -log(5.85 x 10^-12)pH = 11.23Therefore, the pH after the addition of 17.0 mL of HNO3 is approximately 11.23.

Answer:

See Explanation

Explanation:

Both oxygen and dinitrogen (1) oxide are known to rekindle a glowing splint. However, oxygen is an odorless gas while dinitrogen (1) oxide has a faint smell and has an effect on the central nervous system.

Also, the combustion of dinitrogen (1) oxide produces brown fumes of nitrogen IV oxide.

Finally, when dinitrogen (1) oxide and oxgen are both heated with copper, residual nitrogen gas is left with dinitrogen (1) oxide while no residual gas is left with oxygen.

Answer:

moles of Ba²⁺ : 0.97 mol

Moles of OH⁻ : 1.94 mol

Explanation:

Given data:

Mass of Ba(OH)₂ = 165.5 g

Moles of barium ions = ?

Moles of hydroxide ion = ?

Solution:

Number of moles of barium hydroxide:

Number of moles = mass/molar mass

Number of moles = 165.5 g/ 171.34 g/mol

Number of moles = 0.97 mol

one mole of barium hydroxide contain one mole of Ba²⁺ and 2 mole of OH⁻ ion.

Thus in 0.97 moles of barium hydroxide,

moles of Ba²⁺ :

0.97 mol × 1 = 0.97 mol

Moles of OH⁻ :

0.97 mol × 2=  1.94 mol

Answer:

6am

Explanation:

answer this please thank you