(10%) Given the following context-free grammar: S → aAb | bbB A → Baa | ba www B → bB | b (a) Convert the grammar into Chomsky normal form (b) Convert the grammar into Greibach normal form
Answers
(a) To convert the given context-free grammar into Chomsky normal form, we need to perform the following steps:
Remove ε-productions, if any.
Remove unit productions, if any.
Replace all long productions by shorter ones.
Introduce new nonterminals for terminals.
Step 1: The given grammar does not have any ε-production.
Step 2: The given grammar has the following unit productions:
B → b
A → Baa
We can remove the first unit production as follows:
S → aAb | bbB
B → b | bC
C → b
A → BCaa | ba
Step 3: The given grammar has the following productions of length more than 2:
S → aAb
A → BCaa
We can replace the first production by introducing a new nonterminal and splitting it into two shorter productions:
S → AD | BB
D → aAb
B → bbB
A → BCaa | ba
Step 4: The given grammar has no terminal symbols other than 'a' and 'b', so we do not need to introduce any new nonterminals for terminals.
The resulting grammar in Chomsky normal form is:
S → AD | BB
D → aAb
B → bbB
A → BCaa | ba
C → b
(b)
To convert the given context-free grammar into Greibach normal form, we need to perform the following steps:
Remove ε-productions, if any.
Remove unit productions, if any.
Replace all long productions by shorter ones.
Remove all productions that have right-hand sides longer than one symbol.
Convert all remaining productions into the form A → aα, where α is a string of nonterminals.
Step 1: The given grammar does not have any ε-production.
Step 2: We can remove the unit productions as shown in part (a).
Step 3: We can replace the long production A → BCaa by introducing a new nonterminal and splitting it into two shorter productions:
S → AD | BB
D → aAb
B → bbB
A → TE
T → BC
E → aa | ba
Step 4: All productions in the resulting grammar have right-hand sides with at most two symbols, so we do not need to remove any production.
Step 5: We can convert the remaining productions into the desired form as follows:
S → aD | bB
D → aA | bC
B → bbF
A → TB
T → BC
C → bG
F → BF | ε
G → BG | ε
The resulting grammar in Greibach normal form is:
S → aD | bB
D → aA | bC
B → bbF
A → TB
T → BC
C → bG
F → BF | ε
G → BG | ε
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Related Questions
which of the following strategies can assist you in improving your computer navigation and awareness
Answers
There are several strategies that can assist in improving computer navigation and awareness, such as familiarizing oneself with keyboard shortcuts and using the search function to quickly locate files or programs. Additionally, utilizing the "Favorites" or "Bookmark" feature in web browsers can help streamline internet browsing.
To improve your computer navigation and awareness, you can use the following strategies: 1. Learn keyboard shortcuts: Familiarizing yourself with keyboard shortcuts can significantly enhance your navigation speed and efficiency on a computer. 2. Customize your settings: Adjust your computer's settings to meet your preferences, such as changing the mouse sensitivity or display options, to optimize your navigation experience. 3. Bookmark frequently visited websites: Using bookmarks can help you quickly access important websites and improve your overall navigation experience. 4. Organize your files and folders: Keeping your computer's files and folders organized can make it easier to find and access information, thereby improving navigation. 5. Update software regularly: Ensure that your computer's operating system and software applications are up-to-date, which can enhance navigation and overall performance. By implementing these strategies, you can effectively improve your computer navigation skills and awareness.
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Write a program using selection statements (if, if-else, and boolean expressions) that reads in three shapes and a query point and then determines which shapes contain the query point.
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In summary, by using selection statements and boolean expressions, we can create a program that determines which shapes contain a given query point. The program checks the conditions for each shape and outputs the results accordingly.
To solve this problem, we can use selection statements (if, if-else) and boolean expressions in a program.
Here's an example of how this program could be implemented:
1. First, we need to define the shapes and the query point.
Let's say we have three shapes: a circle, a rectangle, and a triangle. We also have a query point with coordinates (x, y).
2. Next, we can use if statements to check if the query point lies within each shape.
Here's how it can be done for each shape:
- For the circle: We can calculate the distance between the center of the circle and the query point using the distance formula.
If the distance is less than or equal to the radius of the circle, the query point lies within the circle.
- For the rectangle: We can check if the query point lies within the range of x-coordinates and y-coordinates of the rectangle.
If both conditions are satisfied, the query point lies within the rectangle.
- For the triangle: We can calculate the areas of three triangles formed by the query point and the vertices of the triangle.
If the sum of the areas is equal to the area of the original triangle, the query point lies within the triangle.
3. Finally, based on the results of the if statements, we can output which shapes contain the query point.
This program can be further enhanced by using classes or functions to encapsulate the logic for each shape. Additionally, input validation and error handling can be added to handle cases where invalid shapes or query points are entered.
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Write a program in the if statement that sets the variable hours to 10 when the flag variable minimum is set.
Answers
Answer:
I am using normally using conditions it will suit for all programming language
Explanation:
if(minimum){
hours=10
}
Write a program that asks the user to enter the name of an input file. If the file does not exist, the program should prompt the user to enter the file name again. If the user types QUIT in any uppercase/lowercase combinations, then the program should exit without any further output.
Answers
Answer:
I can help you with that inbox me
Which options allow users to modify the existing data in a report?
Report or Create
Create or Design View
Design view or Layout view
Print Preview or Report
Answers
Answer:
the answer is print preview
Explanation:
because i just tried both answers givin they were both wrong
what medium is often used to transfer computer information?
Answers
A medium is used to transfer computer information. The medium is referred to as a data transfer link. A connection is a physical interface or network connection that enables data transfer. Wires, cable, fiber optics, radio waves, and microwaves are examples of links used to transmit computer data.
Commonly used data transfer links: The following are some of the most common data transfer links:
1. Cable lines: The most popular method of transferring computer data is through cable lines. They have been employed since the internet was initially created, and they are still used today. Copper wire or fiber optics are employed in cable lines to transfer data from one location to another.
2. Wi-Fi: Wireless networks are another way to transfer data. Wi-Fi is a popular wireless network that provides internet access to a variety of devices. Wi-Fi networks provide data transfer at a variety of frequencies and can be used to create a large coverage area.
3. Ethernet cables: Ethernet cables are used to transfer data between devices and routers on a local area network (LAN). They offer high-speed data transfer, are highly secure, and are ideal for transferring large data files.
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how do you know when your oculus quest is fully charged
Answers
Explanation:
When your headset is finished charging, the indicator light on the side of the headset will go from red to green. When this happens, unplug your headset. If you aren't planning to use your headset after charging, power it off after unplugging.
In this programming project, you will develop an n-node distributed system that implements a vector clock. The distributed system uses a logical clock to timestamp messages sent/received among the nodes. You can use any programming language. To simplify the design and testing, the distributed system will be emulated using multiple processes on a single machine. Each process represents a machine and has a unique port number for communication.
Implement the vector clock for your distributed system. You can create two threads for each process, one for sending messages to other nodes and one for listening to its communication port. Communication among nodes can be done using RPC or using sockets. Once a process sends a message, it should print its vector clock before and after sending a message. Similarly, once a process receives a message, it should print its vector clock before and after receiving the message. You can assume that the number of processes (machines) is fixed (equal to or larger than 3) and processes will not fail, join, or leave the distributed system
Answers
This programming project involves implementing a distributed system with a vector clock. The system consists of multiple processes that communicate with each other using sockets or RPC.
Each process has a unique port number for communication and is represented by a thread for sending messages and a thread for listening to its communication port.
The vector clock is used to timestamp messages sent and received by the nodes. When a process sends a message, it prints its vector clock before and after sending the message. Similarly, when a process receives a message, it prints its vector clock before and after receiving the message.
The project assumes a fixed number of processes (equal to or larger than 3) and that processes will not fail, join, or leave the distributed system. The implementation can be done in any programming language.
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the largest problem with adopting the new technologies of renewable resources is that . the largest problem with adopting the new technologies of renewable resources is that . technological advances have not been made in the last 30 years to meet our energy needs energy production facilities are not located near consumers the startup costs may be high the long-term maintenance costs are much higher than those for fossil fuels the energy sources are generally unavailable
Answers
The largest problem with adopting the new technology of renewable resources is that the startup costs may be high.
What is human resources planning?
The continuing process of strategically planning forward to make the most of a company's most valuable resource—qualified employees—is known as human resource planning (HRP).
Planning for human resources ensures the best possible match between employees and positions while preventing labor shortages or surpluses.
There are four crucial steps in the HRP process.
They entail assessing the labor market as it stands today, forecasting future labor requirements, balancing supply and demand, and furthering organizational goals.
Any company should think about investing in HRP because it enables companies to keep operating profitably and productively.
Hence, .The largest problem with adopting the new technology of renewable resources is that the startup costs may be high.
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Assuming that the address 165.24.3.6 uses the correct default mask, what is the network identifier?
Answers
To determine the network identifier, we need to perform a process called network address calculation using the given IP address and its default mask. Hence the network identifier for the IP address 165.24.3.6.
The default mask is typically represented as "/24," indicating that the first 24 bits of the IP address are allocated for the network, while the remaining 8 bits are reserved for the host. In binary form, the default mask for a /24 subnet is 255.255.255.0.
Let's perform the network address calculation using the given IP address (165.24.3.6) and the default mask (255.255.255.0):
IP Address: 165.24.3.6 => 10100101.00011000.00000011.00000110
Default Mask: 255.255.255.0 => 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Performing a bitwise AND operation between the IP address and the default mask:
10100101.00011000.00000011.00000110
AND
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
10100101.00011000.00000011.00000000
The result of the bitwise AND operation gives us the network identifier:
Network Identifier: 10100101.00011000.00000011.00000000
Converting the network identifier back to decimal form:
10100101.00011000.00000011.00000000 => 165.24.3.0
Therefore, the network identifier for the IP address 165.24.3.6 with the correct default mask is 165.24.3.0.
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write a simple program in c to investigate the safety of its enumeration types. include at least 10 different operations on enumeration types to determine what incorrect or just silly things are legal. now, write a c
Answers
However, I can explain the concept of enumeration types and how they work in C.
Enumeration types in C allow a programmer to define a set of named values, where each value is assigned a unique integer constant. This allows for more readable and meaningful code, as the programmer can use the named values instead of arbitrary integer constants.
Here's an example of how enumeration types can be defined in C:
arduino
enum color {
RED,
GREEN,
BLUE
};
In this example, the enumeration type color is defined with three named values: RED, GREEN, and BLUE. By default, RED is assigned the value 0, GREEN is assigned the value 1, and BLUE is assigned the value 2.
To use enumeration types in C, a programmer can declare a variable of the enumeration type and assign it a value:
arduino
enum color my_color = RED;
In this example, the variable my_color is declared as type color and assigned the value RED.
To investigate the safety of enumeration types, a programmer could try performing operations such as:
Assigning an enumeration type variable a value that is not defined in the enumeration type
Assigning an integer value to an enumeration type variable that is not defined in the enumeration type
Performing arithmetic operations on enumeration type variables
Using an enumeration type variable in a comparison with a value that is not defined in the enumeration type
These operations could potentially result in incorrect or unintended behavior, so it's important for programmers to be aware of the limitations and safety considerations when using enumeration types in C.
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Crustal movements can be dangerous to humans what evidence from the text supports this
HELP ME ITS DUE ON THE 20TH!
Answers
Crustal movements can be dangerous to humans because of option A) Plate movement at transform boundaries can sometimes cause earthquakes, some quite large and devastating.
How is crustal movement formed?Convection currents are created by the intense heat and pressure that exists within the earth. The tectonic plates that make up the earth's crust shift as a result of these currents.
In a constrained region where two plates move past one another at a transform plate boundary, sheared-up mountain ridges and valleys develop. And where a plate passes over a hotspot, a mountain range of volcanoes develops; as the volcanoes are moved away from the hotspot by the plate, they age and get lower.
Therefore, very active crustal motions, defined by subsidence and sedimentation in ocean trenches and uplift and erosion in island arcs, occur continuously for a very long time in subduction zones.
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See full question below
Crustal movements can be dangerous to humans.
What evidence from the text supports this conclusion?
A. Plate movement at transform boundaries can sometimes cause earthquakes, some
quite large and devastating.
B. Plate movement at convergent boundaries can result in the formation of mountain
ranges like the Himalayas.
C. The spreading rate of some continents can reach 120 millimeters per year.
D. As solid as the earth may seem, there are always parts of its crust moving at
incredibly slow rates.
Explain the expression below
volume = 3.14 * (radius ** 2) * height
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Cylinder base area:
A = π·R²
Cylinder volume:
V = π·R²·h
π = 3.14
R - Cylinder base radius
h - Cylinder height
Please help, will give brainliest!!! I need help with these coding questions, any help is appreciated
Answers
Answer:
class Foo:
def F(self, n):
if n == 1:
return 1
return self.F(n - 1) + 3 * n - 2
Explanation:
This should cover part a to this question. The thing I'm not sure on is they use the term "method" which in python technically means a class function...but then list one argument with the function call which makes me think it is possibly just supposed to be a regular function. Which would be the following snippet. It would depend on if you are using classes or not yet in your coding class.
def F(n):
if n == 1:
return 1
return F(n - 1) + 3 * n - 2
Play around with it and look into python "lists" and "for loops" for part c. Part b I'm not sure what kind of example they want since I'm not in that class. Good luck!
1 Which of the following could work as bits for a binary system?
А The flip sides of a coin
B The fingers on one hand
C The days of the week
D The colors of the rainbow
Answers
how do I fix this plz help will mark brainliast
Answers
Hope this helped
write a function named logicstuff that has two inputs, logic1 and logic2. it should have two outputs, logic3 and logic4. all of these variables should be logical variables. logic3 should be true if either input or both inputs are not true. logic4 should be true only if both inputs are not true. b. once you have written this function, write the proper syntax for calling this function elsewhere in matlab. use appropriate inputs (i.e. actual values) when writing this syntax.
Answers
As a result, the function would return logic3 as true and logic4 as false. This would set logic1 to true and logic2 to false.
What is an illustration of a computer function?There are numerous distinct functions, and they are organized according to their goals. For example, the Excel formula "=SUM(A1:A10)" adds up each number in the cell range specified. Because the type of the data a function returns determines its type, a function is a derived type. The other derived types are arrays, pointers, and enumerated types.
function [logic3, logic4] = logicstuff(logic1, logic2)
logic3 = ~logic1 || ~logic2;
logic4 = ~logic1 && ~logic2;
end
[output1, output2] = logicstuff(input1, input2);
[output1, output2] = logicstuff(true, false);
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Write a python program to check whether the number is divisible by 7. If its divisible, print its divisible otherwise find previous number and the next number which is divisible by 7
Answers
f = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if(f%7==0):
print("It's divisible by 7.")
else:
if(f<7):
print("7")
else:
print(str(f-(f%7))+", "+str(f+(7-(f%7))))
How can get a cup stain off my Chromebook top? Like I tried everything. And I start school on the 1st of September. Plz help me
Answers
Answer:
Try using vinegar or baking soda and water. There's also products for your problem.
If you needed a job and wanted to find places that were hiring, how could you do that without fast internet access?
Answers
Answer: you cant do it inless you have wifi every where you go i think becuase i try it before thanks
How does our behavior change when we know we're being watched?
Are we less likely to be ourselves? How does that relate to our behavior online?
Please help this is due today and I really need help.
Answers
I can't even say this is an answer
If there isn't a specific answer for this, I think it depends on everyone. Maybe they'd behave better knowing that their actions are being monitored. Who in their right mind is going to act like a lunatic when they know people are watching.
I think it will most likely alter their attitude in a positive way but it will also most likely be fake actions put on show
Which parts of the exposure triangle should the photographer manipulate so that all objects are in focus without any noise?
Answers
The three parts of the exposure triangle that should be manipulated to achieve an image with all objects in focus and no noise are aperture, shutter speed, and ISO.
What is the triangle ?A triangle is a three-sided polygon with three angles. It is one of the basic shapes in geometry and is very versatile. A triangle can be equilateral, meaning all three sides and all three angles are equal; isosceles, meaning two sides and two angles are equal; or scalene, meaning all sides and angles are different. Triangles are used in many engineering and architectural designs, such as bridges, roofs, and airplanes.
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These facts are describing the economy of _______ during the mid-1800s.
a. the south
b. the north
c. the midwest
d. the frontier
Answers
These facts are describing the economy of b. the north during the mid-1800s.
The North had a more industrialized economy compared to the other regions during this time, with factories and manufacturing being the primary sources of economic growth. The fact that the region had a higher percentage of urban population compared to the other regions also suggests a more developed economy. Additionally, the North had a better transportation network, including railroads and canals, which facilitated trade and commerce.
The North's economy was also fueled by immigration, as large numbers of people came to the region seeking employment opportunities in the factories. The region's economy was characterized by a strong work ethic and a focus on efficiency, with a higher degree of specialization in labor compared to the other regions. So the answer is b.the north.
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pop3 (post office protocol, version 3) relies on tcp and operates over port ____.
Answers
POP3 services or Post Office Protocol version 3 operate over port 110.
What is POP3 services?POP3 or Post Office Protocol version 3 define as an older protocol which was originally purposed to be used on only one computer. Far apart from modern protocols which use two-way synchronization, POP3 services only provide one-way email synchronization which mean POP3 only allowing users to download emails from server to client. POP3 works by executes the download and delete operations for messages in the server. So, when a client using POP3 services connects to the server. It takes all messages from the server mailbox.
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according to erg theory, if an individual is frustrated in the growth opportunities of his job,true or false
Answers
According to ERG theory, if an individual is frustrated in the growth opportunities of his job, it is considered true.
ERG theory is a motivational theory developed by Clayton Alderfer, which suggests that individuals have three basic needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. Growth needs refer to an individual's desire to develop their potential and grow personally and professionally. When an individual is frustrated in the growth opportunities of their job, they are unable to satisfy their growth needs. This can lead to feelings of dissatisfaction and demotivation. Therefore, it is important for organizations to provide opportunities for employees to develop their skills and advance in their careers to help satisfy their growth needs and improve their job satisfaction.
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Why are electric cars better than gas cars. If you have the time I prefer at least a paragraph. Thank you!
Answers
Research has shown that electric cars are better for the environment. They emit less greenhouse gases and air pollutants over their life than a petrol or diesel car. This is even after the production of the vehicle and the generation of the electricity required to fuel them is considered.
It is important to reflect on feedback.
A. True
B. False
Answers
Answer:
YES ITS IS!!
Explanation:
Effective feedback assists the learner to reflect on their learning and their learning strategies so they can make adjustments to make better progress in their learning.
a distributed database is composed of several parts known as database _____.
Answers
A distributed database is composed of several parts known as database fragments.
A distributed database is essentially a database that is dispersed across numerous sites, i.e., on various computers or over a network of computers and is not restricted to a single system. A distributed database system is spread across numerous locations with distinct physical components. A distributed system is a collection of linked computers that functions as one cohesive unit. In a distributed database management system (DBMS), which looks as a single logical database stored at one site, numerous "sites" are often controlled by the system. Hardware, software, data, procedures, and database access language make up a database's five main parts.
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middle of test help pls
Which of the following could be a possibility in the future?
A voice-activated computers
B computerized glasses
C holographic messages
D computerized watches
Answers
Answer:
I'm thinking d
Explanation:
i dont think we are advanced enough to do a,b, or c.
so imma say d
Answer:
all
Explanation:
What is the main idea that an argument wants you to believe called?
Answers
An argument in academic writing is typically a main idea, also known as a "claim" or "thesis statement," supported by relevant evidence.
What is an argument? Your capacity to do this well will distinguish your papers from those of students who see assignments as merely an accumulation of information and specifics. You will typically need to make a claim and provide supporting details in college papers. In other words, gone are the days when you were given a "subject" to write about. It's time to express one's opinion and provide justifications for doing so. We ask that you consult our thesis statement handout.Claims could be as simple as, "Protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged," and be backed up by data like, "In this experiment, protons and electrons behaved as such and such. Claims may also be more complex and supported by evidence, such as "Defying genre expectations can create a complete apocalypse of story form and content, leaving us stranded in a sort of genre-less universe," and "Genre is the most important element of the contract of expectations between filmmaker and audience." In either scenario, the remaining paragraphs of your essay will describe the logic and supporting details that made you think your position was the most logical.To Learn more About argument refer to:
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